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THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA 

DEPARTMENT OF 

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY 



BIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN 
STATESMANSHIP 

An Analytical Reference Syllabus 



BY 



GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, Ph. D. 

Head Professor of Political Science and Sociology 



PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
1909 



I 



NOV 25 m9 



PREFATORY NOTE. 



This course was offered as an experiment in 1907-8 and again 
in 1908-9. The results tend to prove that the study of nation- 
building through the lives of the builders has a singular attrac- 
tion and a rare value. The great man is no longer looked upon 
as an individual hero in the Car ly lean sense. Genius may be 
hereditary, as Galton insists; but it is opportunity, environment, 
which sets it free. cWe are coming clearly to see that a man is 
not less a hero, not less a genius, because mainly he is a product 
of the forces which determine the whole social life-struggle of 
his age. There is the social hefo. Perhaps in no more effective, 
certainly in no more interesting, way can one study social causa- 
tion, the historical process, than through the evolution of person- 
ality. The secret of personality may be the secret of a national 
crisis. The revelation of the unique personality of Abraham 
Lincoln is the explanation of his achievement as president. 

George Elliott Howard. 

Lincoln, June 15, 1909. 



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ANALYTICAL INDEX. 

^ PAGES 

Section 1. Eog-er Williams, the Apostle of Soul Liberty 7-9 

1. Roger Williams and his Ideals 7-8 

2. Eoger Williams and his Contemporaries 8-9 

Section II. James Otis, the First Revolutionary Leader of Massa- 
chusetts 9-11 

Section III. Patrick Henry, the First Revolutionary Leader of 

Virginia 1 1-IH 

Section IV. Samuel Adams, the Organizer of American Public 

Opinion 13-15 

Section V. Robert Morris, the First American Financier 15-19 

Section VI. Benjamin Franklin, the First American Diplomatist.. 19-22 

Section VIL George Washington, the First American 22-20 

Section VIII. Alexander Hamilton, the Organizer of American 

Finance 26-31 

Section IX. Thomas Jefferson, the Father of American Democracy. 31-34 

Section X. John Marshall, the Expounder of the Constitution 35-37 

Section XI. James Monroe and his Doctrrine 37-42 

1. Chief Events in Monroe's Career 37-39 

2. Origin and Development of the Monroe Doctrine 39-42 

Section XII. John Quincy Adams, a Puritan Scholar in Politics.. 42-4') 

1. Adams the Man 42-43 

2. Adams the President 43 

3. Adams and Federal Patronage 43-45 

4. Adams and Slavery, 1829-1848 45 

Section XIIL Andrew Jackson, a Frontiersman in Politics 46-59 

1. Evolution of Jackson's Personality 46-48 

2. Problems of Jackson's Administration 48-50 

Section XIV. Henry Clay, the Compromiser 50-54 

1. Evolution of Clay's Personality 50-51 

2. Clay, the American Statesman 51-53 

Section XV. Daniel Webster, the Defender of the Federal LTnion.. 54-57 

1. Evolution of We))ster's Personality 54-56 

2. Webster, the Champion of the National Union 56 

Section XVI. Charles Sumner, the Apostle of Peace and Liberty. . 56-60 
Action XVII. Abraham Lincoln, the Typical American Genius.... 61-65 

1. The Evolution of Lincoln's Personality 61-C3 

2. The Quality of Lincoln's Personality 63-64 

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6 ANALYTICAL INDBX. 

SUPPLEMENTAKY LIST OF STATESMEN. 

PAGES 

I. Joseph Galloway 66 

II. Gouverneur Morris 66-67 

III. John Adams 67-68 

IV. Aaron Burr 68-69 

V. Albert Gallatin 69 

VI. James Madison .' 69-70 

VII. John Caldwell Calhoun 70 

VIII. Stephen Arnold Douglas 71 

IX. William Henry Seward 71-73 

X. Salmon Portland Chase 72 

XI. Jefferson Davis 73 

XII. Robert Edward Lee 73-74 

XIIL Ulysses Simpson Grant 74-75 



BIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 



Section I. Roger Williams, the Apostle op Soul-Liberty 

(1604-1683). 

A. Roger Williams and his Ideals. 

I. Early Life of Williams. 

1. Home, parentage, nationality. 

2. Education; his patron, Sir Edward Coke. 

3. Personal appearance, manner, and character. 

II. Characteristics of the Times of Rqger Williams. 

1. Politically. 

a. The England of James T and Charles I. 

6. The First English Colonies : two chief causes of their 

planting, 
c. Contrast between the Separatists of Plymouth and 

the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay. 

2. Intellectually: Shakespeare, Bacon, Ben Jonson, Hooker, 

and others. 

3. Religiously. 

a. The rise of sects (Masson, Life of Milton^ III, 136- 

159). 
6. Persecution; migration of the sects. 

III. The Ideas and the Ideals of Roger Williams. 

1. His religious and ecclesiastical ideas: an Anabaptist in- 

dependent or teacher of ''absolute toleration"; con- 
trast between the liberal views of the early Anabaptists 
and those of contemporary sects (compare Masson, 
Life of Milton , III, 98 ff.) ; meaning of Williams' term 
"soul-liberty"? 

2. His doctrine of race-equality in human rights as applied 

to the Indians. 

a. The English and present American doctrine regard- 
ing the lands of the Indians. 

J). Roger Williams was 300 years ahead of Winthrop 
and the New England clergy in his view of Indian 
rights. 

(7) 



O AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

3. His doctrine of entire separation of church and state. 

a. He accepted the basic principle of the American na- 
tion. 

6. On this principle he founded the first free, self-gov- 
erning commonwealth in America, Rhode Island. 

B. Roger Williams and his Cont&inporaries. 

I. Roger Williams and the Boston Puritans. 

1. Charges against him; were they valid? 

a. Was his Indian policy dangerous? 
&. Was his love of controversy peculiar? Was it dan- 
gerous ? 

2. His trial and expulsion from Massaehusetts ; he returns 

good for evil by saving Massachusetts from the Indians. 

II. The Cases of Anne Hutchinson (1590-1613) and Roger Wil- 

liams Compared. 

a. Meaning of her term "covenant of grace"? 

&. The heresy trial ; conduct of the clergy ; of the presiding 
judge. Gov. John Winthrop (Brooks Adams, Emancipa- 
tion of Massachusetts, 65-78; Hart, Contemporaries, I, 
382-87). 

III. The case of the Quakers compared with the cases of Wil- 

liams and Hutchinson (Hallo well, Quaker Invasion of 
Massachusetts, 1-31, passim). 

1. Meaning of their term, the "inward light"? 

2. False charges made by the Puritans ; inaccuracy of Lodge, 

Fiske, Dexter, and Ellis in treating this case. 

IV. Conclusion. 

EEFERENCES. 

1. Roger Williams: To "break ground," read the short article in the 
New International Encyclopcedia, XX, 536. This may be followed by O. 
S. Straus, Roger Williams (1894) ; and Eichman, Rhode Island (2 vols., 
1902). Older biographies are William Gammell, Roger Williams (1845, 
1846) ; Eomeo Elton, Life of Roger Williams (1852) ; and J. D. Knowles, 
Memoir of Williams (1834). 

Source materials may be found in John Winthrop, History of Neio 
England; and William Bradford, Plymouth Plantation. In his editorial 
Preface to John Cotton's Reply to Williams in the Narragansett Club 
Publications, II, Professor Diman has examined the causes of Williams's 
expulsion from Massachusetts. The more important writings of Williams 
may be consulted in the Publications of the Narragansett Club ; and 
Hart, Contemporaries, I, 402-406, gives his letter on "Toleration." 

There is a mass of writing on Williams and his times. See H. M. 
Dexter, Congregationalism, Index; idem. As to Roger Williams (hostile 
and biased) ; Ellis, in Massachusetts and its Early History (Lowell In- 



JAMES OTIS. 9 

stitute Lectures), 91 ff. ; idem, Puritan Age in Massachusetts, Index; 
Doyle, English Colonies, II, 113-26; Oliver, Puritan Commonwealth, 87-102, 
192; Hildreth, Hist, of United States, I, 188, 221-23, 227-32, 291, 305, 394; 
Bancroft, Hist, of United States, I, 241-42. 249-56, 296-98; Masson, Life 
of Milton, III, 98 ff., 136-59 ; Gooch, English Democratic Ideas, 83-92 ; 
C. F. Adams. Three Episodes, I, 247, 325, 366, note, 375, 385 ; idem, Massa- 
chusetts: its Historians and its History, 25 ff., passim; Brooks Adams, 
Emancipation of Massachusetts, 104-27, and Index; Egg-leston, Begin- 
ners of a Nation, 307-14; Tyler, England in America, Index; Fiske, Be- 
ginnings of New England, 114-16; Haven, in Winsor, Memorial History 
of Boston, I, 119 ; Ellis, in iMd., 169 ff., 185 fE. ; Ellis, in Winsor, 'Narra- 
tive and Critical History of America, III, 219 ft., 335-39 ; Lodge, Short 
History of the American Colonies, 47-48, 385-92 ; Thvsraites, Colonies, 
122-23; Fisher, Colonial Era, 114 ff , ; Channing, History of the United 
States, I, 362 flf. 

Bibliography : Channing and Hart, Guide, 100, 272-73 ; Winsor, Narra- 
tive and Critical History of America, III, 377-78 ; idem, Memorial History 
of Boston, I, 172-73. 

2. Anne Hutchinson: Brooks Adams, Emancipation of Massachusetts, 
46-78; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes, I, 363-509, II, 533-78; idem, Massa- 
chusetts: its Historians and its History, 25 fE., passim; Hildreth, I, 
242-46, 253-58; Oliver, Puritan Commonwealth, 169 ff., 180, 195; 
Thwaites, Colonies, 133-36; Lodge, Short History, 349-50, 385 (biased); 
Bancroft, I, 260-64; Doyle, English Colonies, II, 129 ff., 138, 186, 188; 
Channing. History of the U. S., 1, 368 ff . ; Eggleston, Beginners of a Na- 
tion, 329-49. There are source references in Colonial Records of Massa- 
chusetts, I, 207, 212, 225-26; an extract from her trial taken from Hutch- 
inson's History in Brooks Adams's book above cited ; and also in Hart, 
Contemporaries, I, 382-87. G. E. Ellis has a short biography in the Sparks 
series. 

3. The Quakers: Consult especially Sewell, History of the Quakers; 
Hallowell, Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts, 1 ff. ; idem. Pioneer Quak- 
ers : Brooks Adams. Emancipation of Massachusetts, 128-78; C. F. Adams. 
Three Episodes, Index; Bancroft, I, 528-51; Winsor, Memorial History 
of Boston, I, 179. 185-87. 195. 350: Hildreth. I. 399-409, 453-55, 474-75; 
Oliver, 205-19; Fisher, 146 ff . : Fiske, 177-92 (inaccurate); Allen, New 
England's Tragedies in Prose, 7-68 (very inaccurate and prejudiced, but 
typical of New England ancestor-worship). 

Section II. James Otis, the First Revolutionary Leader of 
Massachusetts ( 1725-1783 ) . 

I. Early Life of James Otis (Tudor, Chaps, i-iv; especially Tvler, 
1,36-39). 

1. Parentage. 

2. Education; law-studies; standing at the bar; his favorite 

books. 

3. His style of writing and speaking (See Tyler, Literary 

History of the Am. Revolution, I, 36-39). 

4. Personal Traits and personal appearance (See Tudor, 

Life or Otis, giving a portrait). 

il. Characteristics of the Times of Otis : Why a Revolution was 



10 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

Impending (Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution, 
CKaps. i, iii, especially, 47-49, 64-72). 

1. The French war reveals an '^American People," with an 

inchoate national consciousness. 

2. The old colonial system and theory; its collapse and the 

untimely attempt to enforce it ; the "Molasses Act," 1733. 

3. Writs of assistance (Howard, 73 fif.). 

a. Origin and survival; how they differed from or re- 
sembled the '^general warrants" of the Wilkes case 
(1763). 

&. First used in the colonies, 1755 (See Gray, in 
Quincy's Mass. Reports, 402 ff., where writs are 
printed and full legal details given). 

c. Supposed special need of these writs during the 
French and Indian War. 

TIL His Speeches and Pamphlets. 

1. His speech on the writs of assistance, Feb. 24, 1761 

(Tudor, 62 ff.). 
a. Character of his oratory. 
h. Outline of his argument, 
c. Effects of the speech. 

2. His pamphlet, Vindication of the Conduct of the House of 

Representatives, 1762 (Tyler, I, 39-44; Howard, 84-8^;; 
Tudor, 114-35). 

3. His pamphlet, TJie Rights of the British Colonies Asserted 

and Proved, 1764 (Tyler, I, 47-52; Howard, 115-17; 
Tudor, 171 ff.). 

4. His controversy with Martin Howard, 1765 (Tyler, I, 70- 

80). 

5. His reply to Soame Jenyns, 1765; influence on Pitt 

(Howard, 167-68; Tyler, T, 81-90). 

6. Estimate of the public services of Otis; his last days; 

circumstances of his death. 

EEFEEENCES. 

The best account of Otis's place in the Revohition is that of M. C. 
Tyler, Literary B'lstorii of the American Rernliitinn, I. 30-52, and other 
passages above citer]. With this, read TToward. Preliminaries of the Revo- 
tution, 65-83. panaim ; yew International Enciiclono'dia, XV, 151; and 
passages in Tndor, Life of James Otis C1823"). The original authority 
for the case of the writs of assistance is John Adams, ^Vor^cs. IT. 521-25; 
and his later report as given bv Alinot. Historu of Massachnsetts, TT» 
87-99 ; by Tndor. 62 ff. ; and by Israel Keith, in Quincy's Reports. 479-82. 
Adams's letters to Tndor in his Worlcs, X, are not wholly trnstworthy. 



PATRICK HENRY. 11 

The most detailed and enlightening examination of the case of the 
writs is that of Justice Horace Gray, in Quincy's Mass. Reports, 395-540. 

In general, on the old colonial system and the origin of the Revolution, 
see Howard, chaps, i, iii ; Weeden, Economic and Social History of New 
England, II, 666 ff., 714 ff. ; Chamberlain, "The Revolution Impending," 
in Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI, 1-24 ; Frothingham, Rise 
of the Republic, 72-157; Bancroft, United States (ed. 1883), II, 546 fE. ; 
Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts, III, 89 ff. ; Lecky, England in the 
Eighteenth Century, III, 321-34; Hart, Formation of the Union, 43-48; 
idem, Contemporaries, II, 374-78; Seeley, Expansion of England; Chan- 
ning. The Narigation Laws (Worcester, 1890) ; Scott, Development of 
Civil Liberty, chap, viii ; Beer, "Colonial Policj^ of England toward the 
American Colonies," in Columbia College Studies, III (New York, 1893) ; 
Lord. "Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies," in Johns Hopkins 
University Studies, extra Vol., XVII (Baltimore, 1898) ; Ashlej^ "England 
and America, 1660-1760," in his Surveys Historic and Economic (London, 
New York, and Bombay, 1900), 309-60; Hill, "Colonial Tariffs," in Quar- 
terly Journal of Economics, VII, 73 ff. See also G. B. Hertz, The Old 
Colonial System (1905) ; M. A. M. Marks, England and America (2 vols., 
1907) ; and George L. Beer, British Colonial System (1908). 

Tyler, op. cit.. gives a full bibliography and analysis of the writings 
of Otis and of his adversaries. 

Section III. Patrick Henry, the First Revolutionary 
Leader of Virginia (1736-1799). 

I. Early Life of Henry (Tyler, Patrick Henry, 1-31; Wirt, Life 

of Patrick Henri/, 19-49; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, I, 
1-29). 

1. His parentage and education ; myths concerning Henry. 

2. His marriage; business experiences, 1751-1760. 

3. Admission to the bar, 1760; remarkable success during 

the first three years and a half of practice (contrary to 
the myth started by Jefferson). 

II. The Royal Prerogative and the Revolution. 

1. Quarrels with the governors. 

2. Independence of the courts threatened; in October, 1761, 

Benjamin Pratt appointed chief-justice of New York 
''during the king's pleasure." 

3. Abuse of legislative prerogative. 

a. After the reign of Anne no act of Parliament vetoed 
by the crown; but this branch of the prerogative 
steadily maintained in the royal provinces. 

J). The Virginia Acts imposing a prohibitory duty on 
the importation of slaves disallowed. 

III. Patrick Henry's Protest against the King's Legislative 

Prerogative in the ''Parson's Cause" (1763). 
1. Origin of the cause. 



12 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

a. Laws of 1696 and 1748, fixing the parson's salary at 

16,000 pounds of tobacco. 
6. Tobacco as legal tender. 
2 The ''Two-Penny" Act of 1755. Financial distress caused 
by the war times. 

3. ''Two-Penny" Act of 1758 ; like that of 1755, it was passed 

without the "suspending clause." The prerogative 

strained in denying the petition of 1751. 

a. Debts made payable either in kind or in paper money 
at the option of the payer; alleged hardships to the 
clergy. 

1). Resistance of the clergy; pamphlet w^ar; letter of the 
bishop of London; appeals to the board of trade 
placed before the privy council. The act disallowed, 
August 10, 1759; arid Governor Fauquier ordered 
to publish the fact by proclamation. 

c. Rev. John Camm's suit against the vestry of York 

Hampton parish; the assembly allows the expenses 
of appeals; 1764, Virginia law held valid by the 
general court; appeal to privy council, and the case 
dismissed, 1767. 

d. Other suits in the lower courts; that of Rev. James 

Maury, of Fredericksville parish, Louisa, November 
5, 1763; county court of Hanover declares the act 
of 1758 void ; and orders that at next term a special 
jury shall determine the damage due Maury. 
Patrick Henry called in to defend the parish. 

4. December 1, 1763 ; Henry's speech in the Parson's Cause. 

a. Character of his eloquence. 
h. Points of the argument. 

c. The verdict. 

d. Revolutionary significance of the speech. 

TV. The Later Career of Patrick Henry. 

1. The resolves against the Stamp Act, May 29. 1765; 

Henry's speech (Henry's Patrick Hetwy, I, 70 ff.). 

2. In the first Continental Congress, 1774. 

3. His resolves and great speech in the second revolutionary 

convention of Virginia, March, 1775 (Henry's Henry, 
I, 248 ff.). 

4. Why he opposed the ratification of the Federal Constitu- 

tion (Tyler's Een/ry, 279 ff.; Henry's Eenry, IT, 338 
ff.. Ill, 431 ff.). 



SAMUEL ADAMS. 13 

5. Last days. Estimate of Henry's public services (Tyler's 
Henry, 363 ff.; Henry's Hmry, II, 600 flf.). 

REFEEENCES. 

The best biography of Patrick Henry is that of M. C. Tyler, Patrick 
Eenry (Boston, 1887) ; while the principal source is W. W. Henry, Pat- 
rick Henry: Life, Correspondence, arid Speeches (3 vols., New York, 
1891), with a portrait. The celebrated Life of Patrick Henry by William 
Wirt (Philadelphia, 1836) is very entertaining, but uncritical. Howard, 
Preliminaries of the Revolution, 84-101, 121-30, deals with the Parson's 
Cause and Henry's Speech on the Stamp Act. 

In general, on the Parson's Cause, see Ann Maury, Memoirs of a 
Huguenot Family (New York, 1872), 402, 418-24 (James Maury's account 
of the trial) ; or the same in Hart, Contemporaries, II, 103-6 ; Perry, 
Historical Collections, I, passim ; Meade, Old Churches, I, 216 ft. ; Burnaby, 
Travels (2d ed., London, 1759) ; Jefferson, "Memorandum," in Historical 
Magazine (1867), N. S., II, 93; Hening, Statutes, III. 152, VI, 88, 89, 
568, VII, 240, 241; Campbell, History of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1860), 514, 
515; Bancroft, United States, III, 110 fE., 134 fE. ; Frothingham, Rise of 
the Republic, 178 ff. ; Grahame, United States, IV, 206 ff. ; Gordon. United 
States (London, 1788), I, 164 ff . ; and the works of Tyler, Wirt, W. W. 
Henry, and Howard above cited. To "break ground" read New Inter- 
national Encyclopwdia, IX, 778-79 ; and the sketches in the biographical 
cyclopedias. 

Section TV. Samuel Adams, the Organizer of American 
Public Opinion (1722-1803). 

I. Characteristics of Samuel Adams (Hosmer, 1-20; Wells, I, 
1-42). 

1. Parentage; ability and social standing of his father, 

Samuel Adams^ (16S9-1748) ; the "Caulker's Club" 
(1724). 

2. Education; Adams's Master's Thesis, 1743 (Hosmer, 17). 

3. Marriage, 1749; early business career; *'Sam, the Malt- 

ster"; the Land-Bank incident (Wells, I, 25-29). 

4. Early public career: "Sam, the first American Poli- 

tician;" tax-collector, 1756-64; the arrears of taxes in- 
cident (Wells, I, 35-38; Hosmer, 36-37). 

5. The "man of the town-meeting"; place of the town-meet- 

ing in New England and American history. 

6. The "penman" of the Revolution ; his style of writing and 

speaking. 

7. The organizer of resistance; his methods in Boston. 

8. General character of the revolutionary literature; news- 

papers and pamphlets; poems; state papers; public pa- 
pers drafted by Samuel Adams (Tyler, Lit. History of 
Am. Rev., II, 1-16, and Index). 



14 ' AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

IT. The Grenville Acts and the Birth of Revolutionary Parties. 

1. Whigs and Tories, 1763-65 (Hutchinson, History of Mas- 

sachusetts, III, 103; Grahame, IV, 210). 

2. "Sons of Liberty," 1763; methods and influence; sup- 

posed origin of the name in Barre's speech. 

3. Non-importation agreements. 

4. First intercolonial Committees of Correspondence, the 

result of Adams's "initial state paper" of the xVmerican 
Revolution, May 24, 1764 (Boston Toicn Records, XVI, 
120-22; Wells, I, 46-49; Hutchinson, III, 104-107; How 
ard, 110-12). 

5. Address to the governor and the resolutions of the as- 

sembly against the Stamp Act drafted by Adams, 1765. 

III. Adams and the Royal Instructions, 1770-1773 (Hosmer, 160 

ff., 183 &.; Frothingham, 249 ff.). 

1. Character of the instructions. 

2. Methods of resistance. 

3. The Boston "massacre," March 5, 1770. Adams and the 

removal of the troops. 

4. The "Gaspee," June 9, 1772. 

5. Adams organizes the revolutionary political party (How- 

ard, 242-58; Hosmer, 196 ff.; Frothingham, 261 ff.). 

a. Local committees of correspondence proposed by 
Adams, Nov., 1772 (Boston Town Records, XVIII, 
93, 94-108). 

6. "Intercolonial committees of correspondence" pro- 
posed bv Virginia, March, 1773 (Frothingham, 279 
ff.). 

IV. Adams as a Mob Leader (Howard, 265-71; Hosmer, 213 

ff. ; Frothingham, 294 ff.) . 

1. The "Tea-Act": its character and purpose (Howard, 266 

ff.). 

2. The "Tea-Party": Adams, Chief of the "Mohawks," Dec. 

16, 1773 (See Hosmer, in Atlantic Monthly as below 
cited). 

V. Adams Completes the Revolutionary Party Organization in 

the First Continental Congress, 1774 (Howard, 280-95; 
Frothingham, 358 ff . ; Hosmer, 289 ff., 313 ff . ; Wells, i, 
218 ff.). 

1. Effect of the five "coercive acts." 

2. Puritan politicians in Philadelphia. 



ROBERT MORRIS. 15 

o. John Adams's Diary (Howard, 288-89; John Adams, 

Works, II, 366-G8*). 
5. Samuel Adams and Duche; the "Suffolk Resolves" 

(Howard, 291-92; John Adams, Works, II, 368-69). 

VI. Later Career of Adams (Hosmer, 351-431). 

1. Why he disliked the federal constitution. 

2. His ofiBcial work in Massachusetts. 

3. Estimate of his public services. 

EEFEEENCES. 

Hosmer. Samuel Adams (Boston, 1885) ; idem, "Samuel Adams, the 
Man of the Town-Meeting," in Johns Hopkins TJni. Studies, II; Wiells, 
Samuel Adams (3 vols, Boston, 1865) ; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 
200-402; Bancroft, United States (ed. 1883), III; Lecky, England in the 
Eighteenth Century, III, chap, xii ; Burke, Speeches on American Taxa- 
tion and Conciliation ; Woodbnrn, "Causes of the Revolution," in Johns 
Hopkins Uni. Studies, X, 553-009; Hart, Formation of the Union, 37-63; 
Sloane. French War and Rerolution, 99 fp. ; Ludlow, War of American In- 
dependence, 64-90; Goldwin Smith, United States, 64 ff. ; Fiske, American 
Revolution, I, chap, i; Trevelyan, Rerolution, I, chaps, ii-viii ; Chamber- 
lain, "The Eevolution Impending," in Winsor, Narrative and Critical 
History, VI, 1-68 ; Hart, Contempararies, II, 373 flp. ; Grahame, United'- 
States, IV. 246 fE. ; Dawson, Sons of Liberty in New York (New York, 
1859) ; Collins, "Committees of Correspondence," in Report of American 
Historical Association (1901), I, 243-7] ; Bartlett, History of the Destruc- 
tion of the Gaspee (1861) ; idem, in Rhode Island Colonial Records, VII, 
57-192 ; Becker, "Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in new- 
York Province, 1765-1774," in American Historical Rerieto, VII, 56-76; 
Coflfin, "The Quebec Act," in Report of American Historical Association, 
1894, 273-79; Farrand, "The Taxation of Tea," in American Historical 
Revieiv, III, 266-69 ; Frothingham, "Sam. Adams Regiments," in Atlantic, 
June and August, 1862. and November, 1863 ; Kidder, History of the 
Boston Massacre (Albany, 1870) ; Levermore, ""Whigs in Colonial New 
York," in American Historical Revieiv, I. 238-50; Small, "Beginnings of 
American Nationality." in Johns Hopkins University Studies. VIII, 1-77; 
Winsor, "Virginia and the Quebec Bill," in American Historical Revieic, 
I, 436-43-; E. E. Sparks. Men who made the Nation (1900), 47-78. 

To break ground, read appropriate parts of the works of Hosmer, 
Frothingham, Hart, and Ludlow, above cited. Consult Howard, Pre- 
liminaries of the Revolution, Index at "Adams," as also the chapter 
headings ; sketches in the encyclopedias ; and select passages in Wells. 
Samuel Adams, I. See also Samuel Adams's Writings, edited by Gushing; 
and the Journals of the Continental Congress. 

Section V. Robert Morris, the First American Financier 

(1734-1806). 

A. Finances of the Revolution, 1775-1781 : The Call for ilorris. 

I. Administration of the Treasury. 

]. By special congressional committees (Bolles, op. cit 
i, 10). 



16 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

) 

2. By standing congressional committees, 1776-81 (Guggen- 
heimer, op. cit., 127 fif.) : the ''Commissioners or Board 
of Treasury," created July 30, 1779, consisting of two 
members of Congress and three persons not members 
of Congress. 

II. The Struggle for Revenue, 1775-81. 

1. Dislike of taxation : Thomas Paine and Pelatiah Webster 

in favor (Sumner, I, 28-30; Bolles, op. cit, I, 191). 

2. Requisitions. 

III. Currency. 

1. Coins in use (Fiske, Critical Period, 165, 166, 171, 172; 

Sumner, II, 36, 42 ff. ; Bullock, Monetary History). 

2. Paper money. 

a. Amount issued : should be dependent on specie 
in circulation and taxes, but actually about 
1242,000,000 issued by 1780; estimated as high as 
$387,000,000 (Sumner, I, 98). 

J). Forced circulation : "forestalling," "engrossing," and 
"monopoly" punished; price conventions and price 
tariffs. 

c. Counterfeiting. 

d. Depreciation: as a form of tax; as the "poor man's 

friend" (Sumner, I, 79-82; Bolles, op. cit., I, 177) ; 
really produces "social palsy" (Sumner, op. cit., I, 
76,77,80,81). 

e. Forty-for-one Act, March 18, 1780. 

3. State paper money; loan-office certificates; "indents"; 

private tokens. 

4. Paper money. 1781-1788 (McLaughlin, 138-53; Fiske, 

Critical Period, 168-86). 

IV. Specific Supplies; Impressments; Lotteries; Loans (see 

Sumner and Hatch). 

B. Finanee.s of the Confederation: The Response of Morris. 

I. State of Affairs, 1781. 

1. Financial and administrative demoralization : the despair 

of Washington (Morse, Hamilton, I, 86 ff. ; Sumner, I, 
258, 259). 

2. Hence Congress was forced to abandon the committee 

system and to appoint heads of departments (Jameson, 
Essays, 116-85). 



ROBERT MORRIS. 17 

a. Secretary for Foreign Affairs, January 10, 1781 (R. 
Livingston chosen ) . 

&. Secretary of War, February 7, 1781 (Benjamin Lin- 
coln chosen). 

c. Secretary for Marine, February 7, 1781 (Jameson, 

160). 

d. Superintendent of Finance (called the ''Financier"), 

February 7, 1781). 

II. Life and Training of Robert Morris, to 1781 (Sumner. Robert 

Morris, 11-27; Oberholtzer, Robert Morris, 1-59). 

III. The Work of Robert Morris as Superintendent of Finance, 

1781-1784 (Bolles, op. cit, I, 267-332; Hart, op. cit., 109 
ff.; Oberholtzer, 60 fif.). 

1. Appointed February 20, 1781; accepted May 14; the two 

conditions of acceptance (Sumner, I, 264-67) ; his quali- 
fications and previous experience {i'bid., 1-4, 261-64) ; 
his preparatory work in the Pennsvlvania assembly 
(t&jU, 270-73). 

2. He finds the revenue consisting chiefly of loan-office and 

quartermaster's certificates ; hence their receipt on taxes 
stopped, November 12, 1781 {iMd., 272, 273). 

3. His plan. 

a. Economy and retrenchment (ibid., 277 ff.). 
&. Taxes in specie to pay foreign interest (Bolles, op. 
cit., 1,270). 

c. Foreign loans ; "anticipations." 

d. A national bank, etc. 

4. His operations. 

a. Miscellaneous tasks (Sumner, I, 277 flf.). 
6. Negotiations in paper money (ibid., 283). 
r. ''Bill-kiting" (ihid., 282-84, 74, 95, 114, 115). 
d. Circulars to the governors (ibid., 284-91). 
c. Provides for Yorktown campaign, etc. 

5. The Bank of North America, chartered bv Congress, May 

26, 1781. 

a. Hamilton's plan (Bancroft, History, VT, 25; idem, 

Constitution, I, 31, 32; Morse, Hamilton, 71 ff.; 
Bolles, op. cit., I, 273; Lodge, HaiiiiUou, 26-30). 

b. Morris's plan. 

2 



18 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

1) Capital, 1400,000, to be increased at pleasure 

(Bancroft, Constitution, I, 32; cf. Sumner, II, 
25). 

2) Incorporated ''forever," December 31, 1781 ; 

question of constitutionality. 

3) Slow subscriptions; only $Vo,000 by October, 

1781. 

4) Chartered by Pennsylvania and other states. 

5) June, 1872, without authority Morris subscribes 

1254,000 of the French subsMy. 

6) Benefits. 

a. For the Confederation. 
6. For private enterprise. 

7) Reorganized, 1785; recbartered by Pennsylvania 

assembly, March 17, 1787, for fourteen years. 
6. Morris resigns, 1784; management of finances is again 
intrusted to a congressional committee, 1784-89 (Bolles, 
op. dt., I, 333 ff.; Fiske, op. cit., 168). 

IV. Later Life of Morris (see Oberholtzer and the works of 
Sumner). 

1. His failure in business. 

2. Was the country ungrateful? 

EEFEREXCES. 

Sumner, The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution 
(2 vols., New York, 1891) ; Bolles. Financial History of the United States 
(3 vols., 2d ed.. New York, 1884-86), I; Knox, United States Notes, 9, 10; 
Poore, Money and its Laws, 429 ff., 461 ff. ; Sumner, "The Spanish DoHai' 
and the Colonial Shilling-," in American Historical Review, July, 1898; 
idem.. History of the Currency, 43 ff . ; Walker, Money, 326-36; Dewey, 
Financial History of the United States (New York, London, and Bombay, 
1903), 2-59; Bxillock, Monetary History of the United States (New Yori<:, 
1900), Part I, 1-78; Eliot. Fnndinp System, 61-6; Gouge, Short History 
of Paper Money (Philadelphia, 1833) ; Schuckers, Finances and Pa()er 
Money of the Revolutionary War (Philadelphia, 1874) ; Watson, Historu 
of American Coinage (New York, 1899) ; Hiekox, Historical Account of 
American Coinage (Albany, 1858) ; Greene, Historical View of the Ameri- 
can Revolution, 137-72; Curtis, Constitutional History, I, Index; Hildreth, 
United States, III, 78, 87, 89, 110, 133, 299, 309, 310, 361, 363, 405, 446; 
Bancroft, United States, Index; idem. Constitution, I, 31, 32, 35, 36; 
McMaster, People of the United States, I. 21-23, 139-44, 187-200, 202-8, 
266-70. 281-93. 296, 297. 331-61, 400-403; Lalor. Cyclopedia, I, 199, 207, 
208; ^Vhite, Money and Banking (Boston and London, 1896), 134-48; 
Pitkin, United States, II. 154 ff . ; Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution, 
I, 317-19, 352, II, 557, 630; Gug-g-enheimer. in Jameson's Essaijs (Boston, 
1889), 127 ff. ; Lodg-e, Hamilton, 26-30; Morse, Hamilton, 71 ff . ; E. E. 
Sparks, Men Who made the Nation, 119-50 (Morris). 

For class purposes the best references, as above given, are the three 
books and the article of W. G. Sinnner ; with the passages in Bolles, ifc- 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 19 

^raste^, Greene, and Guggenheinier. Lossing has interesting illustrations; 
Dewey, Poore, and Walker are good. See also McLaughlin, The Con- 
federation and the Constitution, 51-53, and chaps, iv, v, 53-88; and Van 
Tyne, American Revolution, 239-43, 258, 304. The best biography is that 
of Oberholtzer (1903), There is much on Morris and finance in L. C. 
Hatch, The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army, 86-123, 
and Index. See also C. J. Bullock, Finances of the United States: in 
RiiUetin of the University of Wisconsin, I, 122 ff. ; and Bullock's edition of 
William Douglas. "Discourse Concerning the Currencies of the British 
Plantations in America," in American Economic Association, Economic 
Studies, II, 259-375, select paragraphs. Consult C, H, Hart, Robert 
Morris, the Financier of the American Revolution (1877) ; A, B. Hart, 
Contemporaries, II, 556-59, 605, III, 208. 

Section VI. Benjamin Franklin, tub First American 
Diplomatist (1706-1790), 

I. Franklin a Typical American: Characteristics (Morse, 1-lG; 

More, Benj. Franldin, 1-.30 ; Ford, Many-t^ided Franklin, 
1-41, passim ; Fisher, 1 ff .. passim ; McMaster, 1-64 ; 
Autohiograjihy , Bigelow's ed,, I, 81 ff.). 

1, Rise of a ^'self-made*' man, 1706-1730, 

a. Ancestry. 
6. Education. 

c. Printer's apprentice in Boston, 1719-172.3. 

d. Removal to Philadelphia. 1723. 

e. The dubious generosity of Gov, William Keith and its 

interesting fruit; a journeyman printer sows "wild 
oats'' in London, 1724-1726, 

f. The firm of "Franklin and Meredith"; the origin of 

the "Pennsylvania Gazette," Oct, 2, 1729; a rare 
case of "prudential virtue," 

g. Franklin's marringe. Sept, 1, 1730; some rare ex- 

amples of "prudential courtship." 

2. Ideals of a "self-made'' man. 

II. Franklin's Achievements While a Private Citizen of Phila- 

delphia, 1730-1757 (Morse, 17.57; McMaster, 65-167; 
Fisher, Index and Table of Contents; More, chaps, iii-iv; 
the various editions of the AutohiograpJiij ; Ford, Index 
and Chapter Headings). 

1. He founds the "mother of all the North American sub- 

scription libraries;" his peculiar method of promoting 
useful projects (Morse, 20-21). 

2. He founds "Richard Saunders" or "Poor Richard," Dec. 

1732; its character and influence. 



20 AMERICAN' STATESMANSUIi' 

3. His newspaper, the "Pennsylvania Gazette." 

a. Origin of editorials. 

6. Origin of commercial advertising. 

c. Moral influence of the Gazette. 

4. He founds the first culture "club," the "Junto" ; its pre- 

decessor, the "Society of the Free and Easy"; Frank- 
lin's theory of utilitarian morals; his religious ideas; 
his "Art of Virtue" (Morse, 24-85). 

5. He founds the Philosophical Society, 1743-4: and this is 

united with the Junto, 1769, to form the "American 
Philosophical Society," of which Franklin was presi- 
dent, 17G9-1790. 

6. He founds the Academy, 1743-1751 ; after various changes, 

this became the University of Pennsylvania in 1791; 
why Franklin was chosen a trustee of the Academy 
(Morse, 37). 

7. Eripuit caelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis (Turgot's in- 

scription on Franklin's portrait) : the most famous kite 
ever flown, 1752; Franklin takes the degree of M. A. 
from both Harvard and Yale, 1753. 

8. Multifarious activities (Morse, 35-57). 

a. The first American stove (Parton; also Morse, 35- 
56). 

h. Plaster of Paris (Morse, 36) : Franklin promotes ag- 
riculture. 

c. The "Union Fire Company." 

d. Helps Dr. Bond found a hospital, 1751 : a notable 

precedent in getting endowments (Morse, 40-41). 

e. Paving, lighting, and street-cleaning. 

f. Postmaster-general, 1753. 

a. Importance of his work in this oflice. 

6. Civil-service ideals foreshadowed (Morse, 43). 

g. Franklin's Plan of Union, 1754 (Howard, 13-14; 

Frothingham, Rise of RepiihUc), 
h. His letters against Gov. Shirley's plan of colonial 

taxation, 1754 (jMorse, 46-49). 
i. He prepares Pennsylvania for Braddock's Campaign 

(Morse, 51-54) : Franklin as a "Colonel." 

9. His Autobiography : its literary and historical value. 
III. Franklin as Colonial Agent, 1757-1775 (Morse, 58-216; How- 
ard, 124, 128, 136-38, 169-171, 226, 231, 260-65; More. 
85 ff.; McMaster, 167 ff.; Fisher, 210 ff.). 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 21 

1. Franklin and the French and Indian War, 

a. k^chemes of Shirley and others to tax the colonies. 
6. Franklin's ''Canada Paper,'' The Interest of Great 

Britain, etc. (London, 17(50; or in his Works, III, 

69-124). 

2. Franklin and the Stamp Act. 

a. His discussion with Grenville before its passage; was 
he mistaken as to the American temper? 

h. His examination at the bar of the House of Commons. 
February 13, 17GG. 

3. The Hutchinson letters; Wedderburn's arraigv.ment (1772- 

1775). 

4. Franklin's views on taxation and representation. 

IV. Franklin, the Diplomatist of the Revolution (see works above 
cited). 

1. Genesis of the Federal Department of State in the com- 

mittee for secret correspondence appointed 1775. 

2. Early French observation of America. 

a. Choiseul ; character and ability ; attitude toward 
America; sends De Kalb to America, 1768 (Kapp, 
op. cit., 53 ft".; Greene, Gennan Element, 91 ff.) ; 
cause of Choiseul's fall (Kitchin, History of France, 
III, 465 ff.). 

h. Vergennes : character and policy ; Vergennes and 
Turgot (Bancroft, op. cit., lY, 364 ff.) ; embassy of 
Bonvouloir, 1770; his report (Durand, op. cit., 1 ff. ; 
services of Beaumarchais, the typical secret agent; 
Comte de Broglie and the proposed stadtholderate 
(Kapp, op. cit., 89-08). 

3. The French Alliance, 1778. 

a. The American commissioners, 1776-78; Silas Deane. 

Arthur Lee, Benjamin Franklin; characters of 

Deane and Lee. 
6. Reception of Franklin; his relation with Lee, Deano, 

John Adams, and Izard. 
c. The treaty, February 6, 1778. 

1) Its provisions. 

2) Influences which secured it. 

(J. English agents attempt to secure peace through 
Franklin. 



22 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

4. Franklin's later services. ^ 

a. His life in France. 

b. The treaty of 1783. 

c. His place in American history. 

REFERENCES. 

The best short biography is J. T. Morse, Benjamin Franklin, in 
"American Statesmen" series (1892) ; and the best full biography is 
James Parton, Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2 vols., 1867), 
especially, II, 107 ff. See also J. B. McMaster, Franklin (1887) ; S. G. 
Fisher, The True Benj. Franklin (1890) ; the excellent book of the two 
Hales, Franklin in Fiance (2 vols., 1887-88) ; P. L. Ford, The Many-Sided 
Franklin (1S89) ; The >Sayinfjs of Poor Richard (edited by Ford, 1890) ; 
and the good sketch in Netv International Encyclopwdia, VIII. 186-87, 
with a portrait. Consult The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 
(edited by Bigelow, 1868; by Weld, 1855; or any of the many editions) ; 
the large Life of Benjamin Franklin Written by Himself (revised edition 
in 3 vols, by Bigelow, 1888). The best edition of Franklin's Complete 
Works is that of Bigelow (10 vols., 1887-88) ; and there is an older 
edition by Jared Sparks, in 10 vols. Jared Sparks has a Life of Franklin 
(1844) ; and E. E. Sparks, Men Who made the Xation, 1-46, an entertain- 
ing discussion. Consult the "Franklin Bibliography" by P. L. Ford 
(1889) ; and the interesting discussion in Am. Philosophical Society, 
Proceedings, XXVIII, 161-226. 

For the principal events in Franklin's career, see the histories of 
Bancroft, Hildreth (especially vol. Ill), Winsor (]\hirratife and Critical 
History, VI), Trevelyan (American Revolution, I), and Lecky (England 
in Eighteenth Centxiry, III, chap, xii) ; also in the "American Nation" 
the volumes by Thwaites, Howard, Van Tyne, and McLaughlin (using 
the Indexes). On the treaty of 1782-83 and the Convention of 1787, 
consult Fiske, Critical Period, chap, i, and Index. 

In general on the times, read Greene, Historical Vieto, chap, vi ; idem, 
German Element, 91 fp. ; Balch, French in America, 77 f . ; Ramsay, Amer- 
ican Revolvtion, 372 ff. ; Kapp, John Kalb, 45 ff., 286 ff. ; Force, Archives, 
I; Treaties and Conventions, 296-314; Durand, Documents on American 
Revolution; Preston, Documents; MacDonald, Select Charters, and his 
Select Documents; Old South Leaflets: and American History Leaflets. 
Of special importance is F, J. Turner, "The Policy of France toward the 
^Mississippi Valley in the Period of Washington and Adams," in American 
Hist. Review, X, 249-79. Consult A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, Index at 
"Franklin" in vol. IV, 

Section VII. George Washington, the Foremost American 
(February 22, 1732-December 14, 1799). 

I. George Washington the Man. * 

1. How Washington's place in history was measured ]\v the 
world's tribute at his death (Lodge, Washington. I. 1-4, 
giving the Report of Talleyrand; Johnson, General 
Washington, 324; Fiske-Irving, 519-22). 
a. "General Washington is known to lis, and PresidenI 
Washington ; 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 23 

h. ''But George Washington is an unknown man" (Mc- 
Master, People of the U. (S*., II, 452. Compare 
Lodge, I, 7, 1-14). 

2. Ancestry and education (Ford, 15 ff., GO ft.; Johnson, 

1 ff. ; Fiske-Irving, 55 ff . ; Marshall, chap. 1). 
a. The Washingtons of Sulgrave manor, Northampton 
shire, England; false genealogies (Lodge, I, 29 ff). 
1). The Virginia Washingtons, Lawrence and John, 1G58. 

c. Education of George, the son of Mary Ball, and Au- 

gustine, the grandson of John Washington (1732- 
1747). 

1) The myths of Parson Wcems. 

2) The teachings of Sexton Hobby and Mr. Will- 

iams. 

3) The influence of W. Mather's The Young Man\9 

Companion (Historical Magazine, X, 47; 
Sparks, Writi7igs of Washington, II, 412; 
Lodge, I, 50-51). 

4) Was Vvashington illiterate? His letters and 

papers (Lodge, II, 332-37). 

d. George tries surveying; also smallpox in Barbadoesj 

(1748-1752) ; influence of Lord Fairfax (Lodge, L 
52-G2). 

e. "Post graduate"' Y»vrk : the first call to public duty, 

1753; ''Major" and Adjutant General George Wash- 
ington goes as Commissioner to French Creek 
(Lodge. I, 62-68). 

f. The second call to public duty: Washington in the 

French and Indinn War; Fort Necessity; Brad- 
dock's Field; other events (Johnson, 27-66; Fiske- 
Irving, 05 ff.). 

3. George's courtships; marriage to the widow Custis, 1759 

(Lodge, I, 92 ff • Ford, 84 ff . ; Johnson. 67 ff. ; Fiske- 
Irving, 98-99, 110-111). 

4. Personal characteristics (Lodge, II, 298 ff.. 379 ff . ; 

Schouler, I, 117-126. 451). 

a. Personal appearance; physical traits (Ford. True 
George Washington, 38-59; Lodge, IT, 379 ff.). 

h. Moral traits; false charges; Parson Weems' anec- 
dotes. 

1) Immorality not proved. 

2) Coldness of heart and niggardliness not proved, 



24 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

he was a just employer, a good master, a thrifty 
business man (Lodge, II, 347-63; McMaster, II, 
453). 

3) His character as revealed in his social life, 

tastes, and amusements (See Ford and Lodge). 

4) His temper: illustrations (Lodge, II, 385 ft'.; 

McMaster, II, 43-44, 110-11; Ford, 206, 217, 
226, 261, 271-72) . 

5) His courage; recklessness in battle. 

6) His love of justice: case of Andre. 

7) Question of his religious beliefs. 

8) Was he a "tax-dodger"? 
c. Intellectual traits. 

1) Constancy. 

2) Thoroughness; orderly business methods; con- 

dition of his papers. 

3) Patriotism; conscious use of his position and 

prestige for the public good. 

4) Common sense and sound judgment; his knowl- 

edge of men (Lodge, II, 329-31). 

5) Manysided statesmanship. 

II. Washington the Soldier (Ford, 268-292; Fiske, Am. Revolu- 

tion. Index; Johnson, chapter headings; Carrington, 
chapter headings and Index). 

1. His training in the French war, 1753-1758. 

2. His generalship (see Fiske, Carrington. and Johnson, 

above citefl). 

a. How shown by the plans and campaigns of 177' 

(Fiske, American Revolution, I, 249-344; Johnson 

146-175; Fiske-Irving, 274 ff.). 
6. How shown by the Yorktown Cam])aign ; Cornwallis's 

judgment (Fiske, Am. Revolution, II, 290; Fiske- 

irving, 421-83; Johnson, 256-66). 

c. How shown in the siege of Boston. 1775-1776 (Fiskc- 

Irving, 166 ff. ; Frothingham, *S'/ef/e of Boston : 
Fiske, Am. Revolution, I, 154 ff.). 

d. Other illustrations. 

III. Washington the Citizen, the Statesman, and the President 

(Ford, 293-310; Lodge, II, 298 ff.. 317 ff.). 
1. Washington and the opening of the West: is he a typical 
American? Has he traits of the "western" American? 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. Z.) 

(Adams, in J. H. U. 8tudies, III, 80-102; Lodge, II, 
14-17, -dU ft'.; Bancroft, History, VI, 113-14, 125 fit.). 

2. Washington's influence on the call for a convention and 

on the making and the character of the federal constitu- 
tion (Johnson, 282 ft'.; Bancroft, History, VI, 115, 
passim ; idem. Constitution, I, 16-22, 100 ft*. ; Fiske-Irv- 
ing, 492-93, 496-97; Curtis, Constitution, I, 230 n. 2, 
231, 265-73; Lodge, Washington. II, 16 ft\ ; Sumner, 
Financier, I, 258-59; Fiske, Critical Period, 54, 100, 100- 
107, 162; McMaster, I, 277-78; Marshall, Washington, 
V, 90; McLaughlin, 87, 166, 169, 175, 180, 184, 185, 191, 
280, 293, 299). 

3. Washington the President: greatness of the task of or- 

ganizing the federal government under the constitution 

(Schouler, I, 77 ft.). 

a. His cabinets (Lodge, II, 60-70. 242; Schouler, I, 107- 
12). 

6. His theory of federal patronage and of the civil serv- 
ice (Schouler, I, 108). 

c. His Indian policy. 

(/. The great organic statutes of his administration. 

4. Illustrations of Washington's Statesmanship. 

a. His ''Legacy," June 8. 1783 (Fiske, Critical Period, 
54, 50-55; Bancroft, History, VI, 89 ft'.). 

h. His action on the ''Xewburg address," March 11, 
1783 (Fiske, op. cit., 108-112; Bancroft, VI, 70-77; 
McLaughlin, 65-67). 

c. His first inaugural address, April 30, 1789 (Richard- 

son, Messages. I, 51 ff. ; Williams, ^statesman's Man- 
ual, I, 31-33). 

d. His "neutrality proclamation," April 22. 1793 

(Schouler. I, 244-45: Richardson, I. 156-57). 

e. His ^'farewell address." Sept. 17, 1796 (Williams, I, 

69-78; Richardson, I, 213 ff.). 

5. W^ashington and his political enemies; how he endured 

abuse and slander (Fiske-Trving, 513; McMaster, People 
of U. S., II. 111. 113, 204-205. 228, 230, 249-50. 260-61, 
275-76. 289-91, 302-306 ; Ford. 240-67, 206-208. 227 ; Lodge, 
II, 219, 234-35, 240, 246, 248, 251-53, 301). 

EEFEREXCES. 
The most satisfactory general biography is that of H. C. Lodge. 
George Washinfjton (2 vols.. 1893). V.L. Ford. The True Ccorrje Wash- 
inrjton (1897) is best for the details of Washington social and private 



26 AMERICAN STATESMAN'S 11 11 

life. See also the entertaining book of B. T. Johnson, General WasJiing- 
ion (1894) ; and the popular and mainly uncritical Washington The 
Soldier (1898) by H. B. Carrington. Irving, George Washington (5 vols., 
1855-59) has been abridged by John Fiske, Washington and His Gountrij 
(1887). John Marshall, Life of George Washington (5 vols., 1804-1807; 
or 2 vols., 1832) is still useful. There are short biographies by E. E. 
Hale (1888), Woodrow Wilson (1897), C. C. King, (1894), H. E. Scuddei 
(1889), G. E. Seelye (1893), and Jared Sparks. E. E. Sparks, Men Who 
made the tiation, 181-217. has a lively account; and W. C. Ford, George 
Washington (2 vols., 1900), is excellent. Consult A. B. Hart. Contem- 
poraries, Index in vol. IV; G. W. P. Custis, Recollections of Washington 
(ed. by Lossing, 1S60) ; Richard Eush, Washington in Domestic Life 
C1857) ; B. F. Hough. Washingtoniana (rev. ed., 1865) ; B. J. Lossing. 
Diary of George Washington. 1789-1791 (1840) ; W^ S. Baker. Washington 
After the Revolution, 178Jrl799 (1898) ; J. M. Toner, "George Washington's 
Library," in Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1892, 71-169. John Fiske, A)ner- 
ican Revolution (2 vols., 1892), has interesting accounts of Washington's 
campaigns. On the military and political career of Washington, read 
C. H. Van Tyne, American Revolution (1905), Index and Contents; A. C. 
Tyt^cLaughlin, Confederation and Constitution, Index at Washington; 
Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution, 287, 297, 311, 334; the histories 
of Trevelyan, Hildreth, Bancroft, Winsor, Schouler, and McMaster, II ; 
also Hart, Formation of the Union; Greene, Historical View; Lodge, 
American Revolution (2 vols., 1898) ; Lossing, Field Book of the Revolu- 
tion ; J. A. Harrison, Washington. 

The best edition of the Writings of Washington is that of W. C. Ford; 
and we have an older edition by Jared Sparks. The Letters of Washing- 
ton (3 vols., 1898-1901) have been edited by Hamilton. 

Section VIII. Alexander Hamilton, the Organizer of Amer- 
ican Finance (January 11, 1757-July 12, 1804). 

I. Early Life of Hamilton, 1757-1770 (Lodge, 1-12. 28r,-97; Fiske. 
Critical Period, 124-26; Sumner, 1-9; Morse, I, 1-20; 
J. C. Hamilton, History of the RepuMic; Hamilton's 
Works, VII, 472, VIII, 166, 351, 463, 465). 

1. Uncertainty as to his parentage, date of birtli, and events 

of his early boyhood: Avas he illegitimate? Value of 
Timothy Pickering's memormuJa. 1S22; Contradictory 
statements of J. C. Hamilton, Alexander's son (Lodge, 
1-2, 285-97; Bancroft, United States. IV, 110-13; J. C. 
Hamilton, History of the RepuhUc. VII, 842). 

2. Desultory elementary education in Nevis. 

3. Hamilton, the merchant's clerk. 1769-1772: the Secretary 

of the Treasury foreshadov/ed ; the account of a hurri- 
cane his first literary production. 

4. Hamilton at Elizabethtown grammar school and King's 

College (Columbia) ; literary efforts, 1772-1774. 

5. Hamilton chooses the colonial side in the Eevolution. 

1774-1776. 



ALEXANDER HAMILTUIN. 27 

a: His speech in the "Fields," July 6, 1774 (Hamilton, 
Works, I ; Lodge, 7-8 ; Fiske, Critical Period, 126 ; 
Morse, I, 10-12). 

&. His two tracts against the ''Westchester Farmer"' 
(Samuel Seabury), 1774-75 (Tyler, Lit. Hist, of 
Am. Rev., I, 329-55; Sumner. 4-5; Morse, I, 13-14). 

c. Resists the mob-violence of the "Liberty-Boys'' ; de- 

fense of Dr. Cooper (Sumner, 7-8; Morse, I, 14-19). 

d. Captain of an artillery company, 177C (Morse, T, 

21-22) 

II. Hamilton in the War for Independence, 1776-1781 (Lodge, 

13-31; Morse, L 20-63; Sumner, 104-107). 

1. As artillery captain: Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, 

Princeton, 1776-1777. 

2. As Washington's aide, March 1, 1777-February 16, 1781 

(Lodge, 14-23; Morse, I, 25 ff.). 

a. Was he author of Washington's correspondence and 

military papers? 
6. His mission to General Gates. 
c. His quarrel with Washington, February 16, 1781. 

3. The storm of the Yorktown redoubt. 

4. Estimate of his military ability. 

III. Hamilton the Statesman. 

1. His powers displayed in the Congress of the Confedera- 

tion and as a lawyer; the case of Rutgers vs. Wadding- 
ton (Lodge, 32 ff.', 46-49; Fiske, 127-129; Morse, I, 143 
ff.). 

2. His work for a stronger government than the Confed- 

eration and for a constitutional convention (Morse, 
Hofnilton, I, 155-76; Lodge, 50-57; McLaughlin, 170; 
Schouler, I, 24 ff. ; Curtis, ConstituUon, I, 273-82; Ban- 
croft, Constitution, I, 13, 25-26 (Continentalist Papers). 
a. His remarkable letter on paper money and the 

finances of the Confederation, 1780 (Lodge, 26-28; 

S"i..ppv. 107-108). 
J). Bank scheme; other financial projects (Sumner, 108 

ff.). 
c. His letter to James Duane outlining a constitution 

needed and suggesting a constitutional convention 

(Curtis. I, 138, note, 236-39, note; Lodge, Works 

of Hamilton, T; Sumner, 112). 



28 AilERICAX STATESarANSHIP. 

d. His work for and in the Annapolis Convention, 178G 
(Bancroft, Constitution. I, 267 ff.). 

1) How he secured representation from New York. 

2) How he won the call for a constitutional con- 

vention to be held in 1787 (Bancroft, Constitu- 
tion, I, 267 ff.). 

3) How he worked for New New York's participa 

tion in that ^Convention (Bancroft, History, 
VI, 195 ff.; idem, Constitution. 1, 274-78). 
• 3. His work for the Constitution, 1787-1788 (Lodge, 49-80; 

Morse, I, 176-237; Sumner, 130 ff.). 

a. His "plan" for a constitution presented m the Con- 
vention of 1787 (Elliot, Debates. I, 179-80; Fiske, 
Critical Period, 246; McLaughlin, 218-19; Schouler, 
I. 40-41; Lodge, 60-65; Morse, I, 195 ff.). 

6. His share in the Federalist; its character and im- 
portance (Fiske, 34 ff.; Lodge, 66 ff . ; Morse, I, 240 
ff.; Schouler, I, 57; McLaughlin, 307-308). 

c. His work in the New York convention for ratification 

of the Constitution (Fiske, 343 ff.; Lodge, 70-80; 

Morse, I, 238-75; Sumner, 136 ff . ; McLaughlin, 310 

11; Bancroft, Histori/, VI, 452 ff.). 

4. His work as Secretary of the Treasury, Sept. 1789-Jan. 

31, 1795 (Lodge, 84-135; Schouler, I, 130-42, 158-162. 

181, 186-87; Morse, I, 276-425; Sumner, 144-83; Morse. 

Thomas Jefferson. 97-109; Bassett, Federalist System. 

27-41; Dewey, Financial History. 75*ff. ; MacDonald, 

46-112). 

fl. First "Report on Public Credit." 

1) Nature of the financial problem. 

2) His funding scheme; opposition elicited by the 

proposed assumption by the federal government 
of state debts. 

3) The compromise: assumption and the capital 

location; was Jefferson "duped" by Hamilton? 
h. Second Report on Public Credit : an excise tax recom- 
mended. 

c. Report on the national bank : doctrine of implied 

powers first advanced. 

d. Report on the establishm.ent of a mint: the F. S. 

decimal system of coinage adopted in consequence. 

e. Report on manufactures: lays the foundation of the 



ALEXANDER HAMILTON'. 29 

entire protective tariff argument (see the Report 
in Taussig, State Papers, 1-107; MacDonald, Select 
Documents, 08-112; Annals of Congress, I, 106 ff.). 
f. Other reports and financial measures. 

IV. Hamilton the Politician and Federalist Leader (Bassett, 
Federalist System, 42-55, and Index at Hamilton). 

1. Antagonism of Hamilton and John Adams: causes and 

results. 

a. Small electoral vote for Adams in 1789 through Ham- 
ilton's scheme (Schouler, I, 71-72). 

h. Hamilton's scheme to defeat Adams in the election 
of 1796 (Schouler, I, 327, 334-35; Lodge, 194-202). 

c. Hamilton writes down Adams at the election of 1800 
(Schouler, I, 468-73; Lodge, 229-35). 

2. Antagonism of Hamilton and Jefferson as party leaders 

(Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 100 ff., 111-45; Sumner, 170- 
71, 184-90; Lodge, 136-52). 

a. Comparison of their theories of government 

(Schouler, I, 170-77, 202 ff.). 

b. Party dissensions ; development of the Federalist and 

Anti-Federalist ("Republican") parties. 

1) Influence of John Adams's Discourses on Davila 

(Schouler, I, 175-76; Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 
131-32; Lodge, 136 ff . ; Sumner, 184-90). 

2) Influence of the newspapers (Schouler, I, 175, 

177-79, 206 ff.; Morse, II, 1 ff.). 

3 Influence of Jefferson backed by Freneau's Ga- 
zette (Schouler, I, 177, 206-12- Morse, Thomas 
Jefferson, 132 ff.). 

4) Influence of Hamilton backed by Fenno's Na- 
tional Gazette (Schouler, I, 208 ff. ; Sumner, 
189). 

c. The attack on Hamilton in Jefferson's Anas, first 

published, 1818 (Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 109, 113, 
115-116, 121-22, 125-26; Schouler, I, 176; Randall's 
Jefferson) . 

d. Hamilton investigated, 1792-93 (Schouler, I, 200-201, 

217-20; Lodge, 148-52; Morse, II, 20-66; Hildreth, 
IV, 394-404). 

1) His indiscretions. 

2) Investigation and vindication. 



30 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

e. Alleged British sympathy of Hamilton (Lodge, 153- 
187; Sumner, 200-21; Morse, II, chap, iii; Schouler, 
I). 

1) Favors neutrality and Jay's Treaty (Morse, II, 

72 ff.; Hildreth^ IV, 411 'ff.). 

2) Criticises the French Revolution (Lodge, 253 fif.). 

3) Opposes Genet. 

4) Federalists favor war with France. 

/. Hamilton and the Miranda schemes: evidence of his 

failing judgment. 
g. Hamilton's dishonorable scheme for robbing Burr and 

the Republicans of the electoral vote of New York 

(Lodge, 226-28). 
3. Antagonism of Hamilton and Burr (Schouler, I, 465, 483 
88, II, 61-66; Lodge, 245-71; Morse, I, 345-72; Sumner, 
246-50; Hildreth, IV, 296-300, 357-73; Henry Adams, 
History of U. S., II, 183-91). 
a. Why Burr challenged Hamilton. 

6. Why Hamilton accepted the challenge (see Lodge's 
» defense, 250-71). 

c. Moral effect of the duel : the "code of honor" abolished 

in the North: sermon of Proctor Knott (Johnston, 

American Orations (first edition). I). 

V. Hamilton the Man (Morse, II, 313-44; Sumner, 250-60; Hil 
dreth, History of U. S., IV, 296 ; Morris, Diary of Gouv- 
erneur Morris, II, 456, 474, 523; Schouler, II, 63 ff. ; 
Lodge, 271-84). 

1. Personal appearance; manners; eloquence; power as an 

advocate. 

2. Social characteristics. 

3. Intellectual traits; literary skill; thoroughness; reason 

ing power. 

4. Moral character. 

a. Rectitude in public and private business. 
h. Generosity and sense of justice; courage; sympathy 
with the weak. 

c. Political morality: his acts not without minor blem- 

ishes, 

d. Private morals: his fame tarnished by the Reynolds' 

scandal (see Parton, Life of Jefferson; Morse, II. 
330-37; Schouler, I, 362-63; Bassett, 215-17). 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 3L 

REFERENCES. 

The best short biographies are H. C. Lodg-e, Alexander Hamilton 
(1893) ; and W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton (1890). A larger work 
is J. T. Morse, Alexander Hamilton (2 vols., 1876). There are biographies 
by Conant (1901) ; J. C. Hamilton (2 vols., 1834-40) ; George Shea, Life 
and Epoch of Alexander Hamilton (1877) ; S. M. Smucker, Life and Times 
of Alexander Hamilton (1856) ; and a sketch by E. E. Sparks, Men Who 
Made the Nation, 151-80. Fiske's Critical Period, Morse's Jefferson, 
Henry Adams's United States, Schouler's United States, Hildreth's United 
States, Randall's Jefferson, McLaughlin's Confederation and Constitution, 
McMaster's People of the United States, and the two works of Bancroft 
have much relating to Hamilton. The financial measures of Hamilton 
are treated by D. R. Dewey, Financial History, 75 ff., giving a good 
bibliography. His great reports are in the first volumes of the Annals 
of Congress ; the Report on manufactures in Taussig, as above cited; and 
many of his papers in MacDonald, Select Documents. Compare O. L. 
Elliott, Tariff Controversy, 67-130; von Hoist, Constitutional History, I, 
83 ff. ; and Lodge, "Alexander Hamilton," in his Studies in History, 132- 
181. J. C. Hamilton's History of the Republic of the United States as 
Traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and his Contemporaries 
(7 vols., 1857-64; 4th ed., 1879) is a mine of materials, but it is not always 
trustworthy. There is a bibliography on Hamilton by Ford, Bibliotheca 
Hamiltonia (1886). Parton's Life of Burr and his Life of Jefferson have 
much matter on Hamilton. 

Read the sketch in New International Encyclopaedia, IX, 499-501. 
Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, gives entertaining 
accounts of Hamilton's early revolutionary writings. The best edition 
of Hamilton's Writings is that of H. C. Lodge. For separate editions of 
some of his more important papers, consult the University Card Cata- 
logue, and for source-material, see A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, Index in 
vol. IV. 

Section IX. Thomas Jefferson, the Father op American 
Democracy (1743-1826). 

I. Early Life of Jefferson, to 1775 (Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 
1-25; Merwiu, Thomas Jefferson, 1-35; Curtis, 17-54; 
Tucker, I, 20-79; Randall, I, 1-110). 

1. Uncertainty as to the origin of the Jeffersons; probably 

from Snowdon, Wales; character of his father, Peter 
Jefferson (d. 1757) ; of his mother, Jane Randolph. 

2. Education; entered William and Mary College, 17G0; his 

studies, tastes, and pursuits; influence of Professor Wil- 
liam Small; law studies in office of George Wythe; the 
partie quarree. 

3. Courtships ; marries Widow Skelton, Jan. 1, 1772 ; worldly 

goods. 

4. At the bar, 1767-1774; his early success compared with 

that of Pati'ick Henry (see above Sec. Ill; and Morse 
II: rnvtis, 55 ff.). 



32 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

5. Jefferson's love of agriculture; his utilitarian philosophv 

compared with that of Franklin (Morse, 11-16; Curtis, 
90-118). 

6. In the House of Burgesses, 1769-1775. 

a. Non-importation league. May 1769. 

6. Intercolonial committees of correspondence created, 

March. 177S (Merwin, 37-38). 
c. Proceedings after news of Boston Port Bill, 1774 : 

Jefferson's ''Rights of British America" (Morse, 20- 

24; Merwin, 38-39). 
^ 7. Jefferson's draft of reply to Lord North's "Olive branch," 
adopted by Burgesses, June 10, 1775. 

II. Jefferson the Statesman and Diplomatist. 1775-1784 (Mer- 

win, 30-70; Curtis, 119-139; Morse. 26-76; Tucker, I, 79- 
188; Randall, I, 111 f.). 

1. In the Revolution : the Declaration of Independence. 

2. Reform work in Virginia (Curtis, 140 ff. ; Morse, 43 ff.). 

o. Abolition of entails. 

&. Establishment of religious freedom in Virginia, 1777- 

1786. 
c. Other measures. 

3. Governor of Virginia, 1779-1781 (Morse, 55 ff.). 

4. In the Burgesses, 1781-1783. 

5. Envoy and minister to France, 1784-1789 (Merwin, 71-81; 

Morse, 77-95; Tucker, I, 189-279; Randall, I, 411 ff.). 
a. Influence of Jefferson on the French Revolution. 
h. Influence of the French Revolution on Jefferson. 

6. Secretary of state, 1790-1793 (Morse, 96 ff.; Merwin, 82 

ff.; Tucker, I, 340 ff. ; Randall, I, 554 ff.). 

a. Rivalry of Jefferson and Hamilton. 

6. Party dissension (Curtis, 269 ff . ; Tucker, I, 372 ff.). 

7. Vice-President, 1797-1801 (Morse, 173 ff.). 

a. Jefferson, leader of the Republicans. 
h. Kentucky Resolutions. 

c. Election of 1800: Burr and Jefferson in the House: 
influence of Hamilton against Burr. 

III. Rise and Fall of the Federalist Party : the Revolution of 

1800. 

1. Services of the Federalists: work of Hamilton; influence 

of Washington. 

2. Causes of the fall of the Federalists. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 33 

a. Foreign policy : indiscretions of the "war party" lead 
to "alien and sedition laws," and to war with 
France. 

h. Domestic policy : the direct tax. 

c. Party dissensions; Adams's cabinet; the "Essex 

Junto"; characteristics of Adams; his "midnight 
appointments"; the new circuit courts. 

d. Aristocratic tendencies; views of Hamilton; of 

Adams. 

IV. Character and Policy of Thomas Jefferson (Hildreth, V, 
419 ff.; Hart, 176-78; Schouler, II, 200 ff.). 

1. His personal appearance (Adams, United States, I, 185- 

87). 

2. Sources of his great influence over the masses. 

a. Sincere confidence in the rising principle of pure 
democracy of which he was the best exponent. 

h. Capacity to organize; to draft public documents; 
literary skill. 

c. Social powers; table talk. 

3. Faults and limitations. 

a. Mistaken view of human nature. 
6. Too much self-confidence. 

c. A poor speaker; lacked aggressive power, but able to 
lead others to fight for him. 

4. His theories (Morse, Jefferson, 90-93, 103, 209-18; 

Schouler, I, 2-15). 

a. Champion of religious liberty; the friend of science 

and the enemy of slavery. 
6. Political doctrines. 

1) Influence of Rousseau and the French Revolu- 

tion : believer in little government and the rule 
of the masses rather than the classes. 

2) A strict constructionist; drafted the Kentucky 

Resolutions. 

3) Hated a national debt and thought internal im- 

provements unconstitutional. 

4) Disliked the use of force against insurrections: 

attitude toward Shays' Rebellion and the 
Whiskey Insurrection. 

5) Opposed a standing army and a large navy. 

c. In some respects he was far ahead of his age: the 
3 



34 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

leader in many ideas which have prevailed in the 
thought of the century. 

V. Jefferson's Administration. 

1. His theory of republican government compared with that 

of the Federalists. 

2. Theory and practice as to the civil service. 

3. Repeal of judiciary act, 1802; Marybury vs. Madison, 

1803; impeachments of Pickering and Chase. 

4. Louisiana purchase, 1803. 

5. The "restrictive system"; failure of the policy of "non- 

resistance." 

6. Jefferson's services to the nation. 

EEFEEENCES. 

A standard work is James Parton, Life (2 vols., 1874) ; and there are 
good short biographies by Schouler, TJiotnas Jefferson (1893) ; H. C. 
Merwin, Thomas Jefferson (1901) ; W. E. Curtis, The True Thomas Jef- 
ferson (1901), each with a portrait; and especially J. T. Morse, Thomas 
Jefferson (1893). Serviceable also are H. S. Kandall, Life of Thomas 
Jefferson (3 vols. 1858, 1888) ; Sarah N. Eandall, Domestic Life of Thomas 
Jefferson (1876) ; H. W. Pierson, Private Life of Jefferson (1862) ; George 
Tucker, Life of Thomas Jefferson (2 vols., 1837) ; Farnam, Thomas Jef- 
ferson (1900). Eead also Trent, Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime 
(1897) ; and E. E. Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 218-54. 

All the histories of the period have discussions : see Hart. Formation 
of the Union, 154-98; Bryant and Gay, United States, I, 144-84; Von 
Hoist, Constitutional History, I, 168-226 ; Tucker, United States, II, 146 ff. ; 
Bradford, Constitutional History, I, 202-329 ; Hildreth, United States, 
V, 419 ff. : McMaster, II, 533 ff., 583 ff . ; Schouler, United States, II, 1 fp. ; 
Van Tyne, American Revolution, 82-85, 249; McLaughlin, Confederation 
and Constitution, 7, 41, 107, 114-17, 175;. Bassett, Federalist System, 
Index; Channing, Jeffersonian System, Index and Table of Contents; 
especially Henry Adams, United States, vols. I-IV, the best account of 
Jefferson's administration. 

There are also interesting passages in Adams, Randolph, 48-61, 71-73, 
123-31; Gav. Madison, 252-56; Stevens, Gallatin, 289 fE. ; and Adams, 
Oallatin (1879). 

For source materials, see Jefferson's Works (Congressional ed., 1853- 
55) ; the better edition of P. L. Ford (10 vols., 1892-99) ; T. J. Eandolph, 
Memoirs and Correspondence of Jefferson (4 vols., 1829) ; Williams, 
Statesman's Manual, I, 139 ff. ; Eichardson, Messages, I, 317-461 ; J. Q. 
Adams, Memoirs, 1, 248-551, Index ; Johnston, Orations, I, 99-108 ; W. 
Sullivan, Familiar Letters, 187-289 ; Goodrich, Recollections, I, 106-37, 
265-98; MacDonald, Select Documents, 1-6, 149-71; H. B. Tompkins, Bih- 
Uotheca Jeffersonia (1887) ; and A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, Index in 
vol. IV. Other accounts are C. DeWitt, Thomas Jefferson, Etude His- 
torique (Paris, 1861) ; the same translated by E. S. H. Church (London, 
1862) ; Theodore Dwight, The Character of Thomas Jefferson ns exhibited 
in his oivn Writings^ (1839) ; and Gaillard Hunt, "Office-Seeking during 
Jefferson's Administration," in American Hist. Review. Ill, 270-91. Manu- 
scripts of Jefferson in the Library of Congress are calendared in Bureau 
of Eolls and Library, Department of State, Bulletins, VI, VIII, X. 



JOHN MARSHALL. 35 

Section X. John Marshall, the Expounder of the Consti- 
tution (1755-1835). 

I. Characteristics of John Marshall. 

1. Parentage and early education. 

2. Services in the Revolution; as a soldier; as a judge advo- 

cate of the army. 

3. Legal education, 1779-81. 

4. At the bar, 1781-1801. 

a. State of Virginia law after the Revolution ; Marshall's 
peculiar fitness for his task (Magruder, 28 fif.). 

&. Personal appearance; style of speaking (Hovi^e, His- 
torical Collections, 266; Wirt, in Magruder, 35-37; 
Gilmer, in Magruder, 66; Adams, U. S., I, 193). 

c. Prestige as a lawyer; the case of Ware vs. Hilton, 
1796 (3 Dallas, 199; Const. Hist, and Amer. Law, 
67-). 

II. Public Services, 1782-1801. 

1. In the legislature, 1782, 1784, 1787; in the executive coun- 

cil, 1783. 

2. In the Virginia constitutional convention, 1788 (Ma- 

gruder, 57-87: three speeches, on taxation, militia, and 
Judiciary (Elliot, III, 222, 419, 551-5). 

3. A member of the French mission, 1797-8. 

4. In Congress, 1799-1801. 

5. Refuses appointment as minister to France, attorney 

general, judge of the supreme court, and secretary of 
war (1796-1801). 

6. Became secretary of state. 

7. Appointed chief justice. 

III. Marshall and Jefferson. 

1. Marshall's Life of Washington, and Jefferson's Anas. 

2. Marshall and the inauguration of Jefferson (Adams, TJ. S., 

I, 193). 

IV. John Marshall and the Settlement of the Constitution. 

1. Significance of his opportunity : what the constitution 
''might have been" through a different interpretation. 
a. Complexity of his task. 

h. Popular sentiment regarding the constitution (Von 
Hoist, I, 62-3, 83; Bryce, I, 223; Bancroft, Consti- 
tution, II, 363 (Washington) ; Marshall, Washing- 
ton, V, 33). 



36 . AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP 

2. He reveals the powers of the supreme court. 

a. Previous to 1801 less than 100 decisions by the court. 
6. Of these decisions, only six involved constitutional 
questions. 

1) Chisholm vs. Georgia, 1792-4 (2 Dallas, 419, 480; 

Constitutional History, 70-1). 

2) Hollingsworth vs. Virginia (3 Dallas, 378 ff.). 

3) Fowler vs. Lindsey, 1799 (3 Dallas, 411). Cf. 

Marshall's decision in Osborn vs. U. S. Bank (9 
Wheaton, 846-859). 

4) Hylton vs. U. S., 1796 (3 Dallas, 171). Cf. Pa- 

cific Ins. Co. vs. Soule (7 Wallace, 433-4). 

5) Calder vs. Bull, 1798, relating to ex post facto 

laws (3 Dallas, .386). 

6) Cooper vs. Telfair, 1800 (4 Dallas, 14). In the 

last two cases, the court does not decide that it 
can declare unconstitutional laws void (see 
Const. History, 72-3, and the authorities there 
cited). Hayburn's case, 1792 (2 Dallas, 410), 
illustrates the early timidity of the court 
« {Co7ist. Hist., 73-6). 

c. Immense number of Marshall's opinions, 1801-1835. 

1) In all, 1215 reported cases. 

2) In 1106 of these opinions are filed, Marshall ren- 

dering 519. 

3) Of these 1106 opinions, 62 involve constitutional 

points, Marshall rendering 36. 
V. Some Leading Decisions. 

1. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 (1 Cranch, 137). 

2. "Olmstead case": United States vs. Peters, 1809 (5 Cranch, 

1.37; Hildreth, III, chap. xxii). 

3. Cohens vs. Virginia, 1821 (6 Wheaton, 264). Cf. Martin 

vs. Hunter's Lessee, 1816 (1 Wheaton, 304, 323, 362). 

4. McCulloch's vs. Maryland, 1819 (4 Wheaton, 416, 421). 

5. Osborn vs. Bank of United States. 1824; Weston vs. 

Charleston, 1829 (9 Wheaton, 7.38; 2 Peters, 440). 

6. American Insurance Co. vs. Canter, 1828 (1 Peters, 511. 

542). , ■ 

7. Fletcher vs. Peck, 1810 (6 Cranch, 87, 135-40; cf. Haskins, 

in American Historical Association, Papers, V, 395 ff.). 

8. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward, 1819 (4 Wheaton, 518; 

cf. Van Santvoord, Lives of Chief Justices, 394-98). 



JAMES MONROE. 37 

9. Ogden vs. Saunders, 1827 (12 Wlieaton, 213). 
10. The BuiT trial (4 Cranch, note B, 473; Adams, United 
States, III, 441-71; Robertson, Burr Trial (Philadelphia, 
1808); Kennedy, Life of Wirt, I, 161-206; Van Sant- 
voord, 364-79).' 

REFERENCES. 

Hitchcock, "Constitutional Development of the United States as In- 
fluenced by Chief Justice Marshall," in Constitutional History, etc., 53-120; 
Story, Miscellaneous Writings, 183-200; Thayer (J. B.), John Marshall 
(Boston, 1901); Dillon (J, F.), John Marshall (Chicago, 1903); Centen- 
nial Annicersary (Philadelphia, 1901), containing, 21-66, J. T. Mitchell's 
oration; Craighill, in his Virginia Peerage, I, 229-84; Flanders, Lives 
and Times of the Chief Justices, 279-550; Lodge, in his Fighting Frigate, 
etc. (New York, 1902) ; Phelps, in his Orations and Essays (New York, 
1901) ; Libby, John Marshall (Brunswick, 1901) ; Draper, John Marshall 
and the March of the Constitution (n. p. 1901) ; Marshall (John), Writ- 
ings on the Federal Constitution (Boston, 1830 ; Washington, 1890) ; 
Magruder, John Marshall (Boston, 1885) ; Cooley, "Supreme Court," in 
Constitutional History, 27-52 ; Hart, Formation of the Union, 133-5 ; 
Carson, Supreme Court; Bassett, The Federalist System, Index; Channing, 
The Jeffersonian System, Index; W. E. Dodd, "Chief Justice Marshall and 
Virginia." in Am. Hist. Review, XII, 776-87. Consult A. B. Hart, Con- 
temporaries, II, 20, III, 322-26 (x, y, z correspondence) ; and bibliography 
in Library of Congress, List of Works relating to the Supreme Court of 
the United States (1909), 59-70. The Constitutional Decisions of John 
Marshall, in 2 vols., have been edited by J. P. Cotton, Jr. 

Section XI. James Monroe and His Doctrine (1758-1831). 

A. Chief Events in Monroe's Career. 

I. Early Life. 

1. Descent and parentage (Gilman, 4-5, 218-20). 

a. According to tradition, his ancestors were Scotch 
cavaliers ; Hector Monroe, an officer of Charles I. 

h. Father was Spence Monroe; mother was Eliza, sister 
of Joseph Jones, who was twice elected to Conti- 
nental Congress. 

2. Educated at William and Mary. 

a. Monroe's literary attainments; extent and value of 

his writings. 
6. His public documents and state papers. 
c. Not a forceful speaker. 

3. Marries Eliza Kortwright, of New York, 1786 ; same year 

he begins law practice in Fredericksburg (Gilman, 175 
fif.). 

4. Personal appearance. 

II. Monroe the Soldier, 1776-1780. 



38 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

1. Lieutenant in 3d Virginia regiment, 1776; aide to Lord 

Stirling, 1777-8. 

2. Battles in which he fought ; compare his career with Mar- 

shall's. 

3. Becomes lieutenant colonel in 1780. 

III. Official Career. 

1. Member of the Virginia legislature, 1782, and later. 

2. Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, 1783-1786 

(4th, 5th, 6th Congress). 

a. Efforts to amend Articles of Confederation, 1785 
(Oilman, 19-22; Bancroft, History, VI, 142-45 ; *(few, 
Constitution, I, 192-6; Sparks, Washington, IX, 
503-7). 

6. Efforts to organize Northwest Territory (Barrett, 
Ordinance of 1787, 25, 33 ff.; Gilman,"^ 24-6; Ban- 
croft, Historij, VI, 279-80). 

3. Member of a special Federal Court to decide the Mass.- 

New York boundary dispute, 1784-6. 

4. 1788: Member of Va. constitutional convention; opposes 

constitution (Gilman, 27-30; Williams, Statesman's Man- 
ual, I, 385) . 

5. Governor of Virginia, 1799-1802, 1811. 

6. President of United States, 1817-1825 (see sketch of his 

administration in Williams, I, 541-62; and consult 
Schouler, United States; Gillman, Monroe; Hart, Forma- 
tion of Union; Babcock, Rise of American Nationality ; 
Turner, Rise of the New West, Index). 

IV. Diplomatic Career. 

1. Minister to France, 1794-1796 (Gilmau, 36-73; Schouler, 

I, 317-26; Bassett, 211-14). 

a. Effect on France of Jay's treaty with England. 

h. Monroe's indiscretions ; and the blunders of the Amer- 
ican state department. 

c. Washington's censure and recall of Monroe ; Monroe's 
defense (Gilman, 64 ff., 221 ff.). 

2. Special minister to France, 1803 : the purchase of Louisi- 

ana (Gilman, 74-93; Schouler, II, 37-49; Adams, United 
States). 

3. Missions to England and Spain, 1803-1807 (Schouler, II, 

49, 95, 135 ff.; Gilman, 93-103; Chauning, The Jeffer- 
sonian System, 147-49, 180, 203-207; Adams, United 
States, Index). 



JAMES MONROE. 39 

a. The West Florida question, 

1). England and the American grievances. 

c. Why the treaty was rejected? 

V. Monroe as Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and virtu- 

ally Secretary of the Treasury under Madison (Oilman, 
104-24, 200; Williams, I, 388-9; Babcock, Rise of Am. 
'Nationality, Index; Schouler, II, III). 

VI. Monroe and the Policy of International Improvements (see 

his message in Williams, I, 492-534; or in Richardson, 
Messages, II, 144 ff. ; Turner, op. cit., 224 ff. ; Schouler, 
III, 247 ff. Turner, 348-51, has a full bibliography of 
this subject). 

GENEEAL EEFEKENCES. 

D. C. Gilman, James Monroe (1892), containing, 255 ff., a bibliography 
by Jameson; Stanwood, History of the Presidencii ; Williams, Statesman's 
Manual, I, 383-90, 541-62 ; and the works above cited. The Writings of 
Monroe are edited by S. M. Hamilton (7 vols., N. Y. 1898-1903). 

See also J. Q. Adams, James Monroe (1850) ; W. 0. Stoddard, Lives 
of the Presidents, III, 29-224 ; Thatcher, Ideas that have Influenced Civ- 
ilization, VIII, 289-92; Isleic International Encyclopwdia, at "Monroe." 

B. Origin and Development of the Monroe Doctrine. 

I. Origin of the Principle (Oilman, Monroe, 156-74; Schouler, 

III, 277 fie., 289-93, note; Tucker, Monroe Doctrine, 
1-11; Hart, American History Leaflets, No. 4, pp. 1-13). 

1. Evolution of the doctrine of neutrality and non-interven- 

tion. 

a. Washington's influence. 
6. Influence of Madison and Jefferson. 
c. Other evidence of the rise of a popular sentiment in 
favor (see Gilman, Monroe, 156 fif.). 

2. J. Q. Adams's share in formulating the doctrine (Tucker, 

21-22; especially Ford, in American Historical Review, 
VII, 676-96; and Reddaway, 69 ff. See also Ford, in 
Mass. Hist. Soc, Proceedings, 2d series, XV, 373-436). 

II. Immediate Cause of the Assertion of the Doctrine (Schouler, 

III, 277 ff. ; Tucker, 6-11 ; Hart, 241-43 ; North American 
Review, XVII, 373-75; Reddaway, 12 ff.; Keasbey, 123 
ff.; Ford, 676 ff.). 
1. Revolt of the Spanish- American colonies (Dyer, Modern 
Europe, Y, 370). 

a. First revolt, 1808; returned to nominal allegiance, 
1814. 



40 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

&. Second revolt, 1816-22 (Hart, 241, 242; Schouler, III, 
255) ; work of Bolivar. 

2. The ''Holy Alliance" of Prussia, Austria, and Russia, Sep 

tember 26, 1815; a league in favor of "legitimacy," i. e. 
"despotism" (Seignobos, Pol. Hist., 762). 

3. The congress at Laybach (in Styria), 1820: intervention 

of Holy Alliance to suppress revolution in Naples. 

4. The congress at Verona, 1822, 

a. To consider the insurrection against Ferdinand YII 
of Spain. The latter is restored by Louis XVIII 
of France, with approval of the alliance. 

&. Question of assisting the revolting Spanish colonies 
raised : Spain asks intervention. 

5. The (revolted) Spanish- American states recognized by 

United States, 1822 (Schouler, III, 255). 

6. Russian plans for colonization in the Northwest. 

a. Russian claims (Schuyler, Diplomacy, 294-97). 
6. The ukase of 1821. 

c. Secretary Adams's declaration to Baron Tuyl, July 
17, 1823 (Hart, Leaflets, II). 

7. Canning and Richard Rush (Schouler, III, 282-86; FopJ, 

676 flf.). 

a. Canning proposes that Great Britain and the United 

States unite in a declaration against European in 

tervention in American colonies. 
6. Motives of England, 
c. Was Rush justified in declining? 

III. Monroe States the Doctrine in His Seventh Annual Message, 

December 2, 1823 (Williams, I, 460-62; Hart, Leaflets, 
13; Tucker, 15 fif.). 

1. American continent not subject to European colonization . 

meaning (Dana, Wheaton, 103; Webster, Works, III, 
178). 

2. No European interposition in affairs of American states: 

meaning (Dana, Wheaton, 110, 111; Tucker, 122 ff.). 

3. No extension of European system in America. 

4. Second declaration in Monroe's eighth annual message 

(Hart, Leaflets, 14, 15; Tucker, 19; Williams, I, 465 ff.). 

IV. Immediate Effects of the Declaration (Oilman, 171-74; 

Schouler, III, 292, 293; Von Hoist, I, 421 ff.). 
1. On the United States Constitution: an executive declara- 



JAMES MONROE. 41 

tion never confirmed as a whole by Congress. Clay's 
resolution (Benton, Abridgment, VII, 650-52; Tucker, 
21). 

2. On Europe: joint intervention abandoned; and Spain 

gives up reconquest of her revolted colonies. 

3. On Russia: treaty of 1821 (Schouler, 297-304). 

4. On the American states. 

5. On England : she recognizes the American states. 

V. History of the Doctrine (Tucker, Monroe Doctrine, 23 ff.). 

1. The Panama Congress, 1826 (Tucker, 23-26; Von Hoist, 

I, chap, xi; Henderson, 342 ff.). 

a. Wish of the United States: to form an agreement 

with American states as to maintenance of doctrine. 
6. Messages and discussions leading to appointment of 

United States envoys to the Congress. 

c. Opposition of the slavery party (see Von Hoist). 

d. No action. 

2. Proposed intervention in Yucatan, 1848; Polk's doctrine. 

a. Causes. 

&. Calhoun's speech on limitation of the doctrine (Cal- 
houn, Works, IV, 454; Tucker, 93-112). 

3. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, April 19, 1850, and the inter- 

oceanic canal (Lalor III, 948; Tucker, 43-76; Treaties 

and Conventions, 440-44). 

a. The occasion and importance of the treaty. 

6. Provisions: which clauses led to misunderstandings 

and negotiations? 
c. History : negotiations for modification ; question of 

right of United States to avoid treaty. 

1) Blaine, 1881. 

2) Hay, 1900. 

4. Cuba (Tucker, 77-91) : why its possession was important 

to England; to the United States. The Filibusters and 
the Ostend manifesto (Hart, Leafefs, No. 2; Lalor, IT, 
184, III, 36; Rhodes, II, 11-44; Von Hoist, index at 
"Cuba"). 

5. French intervention in Mexico, 1861-66. Did the United 

States maintain the doctrine? 

6. Other cases of application of the doctrine. 

VI. Expansion of the Doctrine (Hart, '^'Monroe Doctrine and tli4> 



42 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

Doctrine of Permanent Interest," in American Historical 
Review, VII). 

1. The original meaning, 1823. 

2. Polk's doctrine, 1845-49; annex to prevent annexation. 

3. Seward's view in case of France and Mexico, 1861-67 (Cur- 

tis, 101 ff.). 

4. Blaine's doctrine, 1881 : United States to be sole guardian 

of the isthmian canal, and the arbiter of disputes be- 
tween Latin American powers (Foster, 461 ff.). 

5. Olney's doctrine, 1895 (Foster, 467 ff.; Henderson, 411 ff.). 

VII. What should be the Policy of the United States? 

1. Shall the Monroe doctrine be abandoned? 

2. Shall the United States participate in the world's affairs? 

3. Moral responsibilities of a. great nation. 

KEFEEENCES TO MONROE DOCTRINE. 
A. B. Hart, "The Monroe Doctrine and the Doctrine of Permanent 
Interest," in American Historical Review, VII, 77-91 ; or the same in his 
Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York and London, 1901), 
211-40; Ford, "John Quincy Adams and the Monroe Doctrine," in Amer- 
ican Historical Review, VII, 676-96, VIII, 28-52; Keasbey, The Nicaragua 
Canal and the Monroe Doctrine (New York and London. 1896), 123 ff., 
556 ff. ; Reddaway, The Monroe Doctrine (Cambridge, 1898), 12 ff., 69 ff., 
91 ff . ; Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy (Boston, 1900), 438 ff . ; 
Henderson, American Diplomatic Questions (New York and London, 
1901), 289-448; Travis, History of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (Ann Arbor, 
1900) ; Tucker, Monroe Doctrine (Boston, 1885) ; Latine, Diplomatic Re- 
lations of the United States and Spanish America (Baltimore, 1900) ; 
Curtis, The United States and Foreign Powers (New York, 1899), 
93 ff. ; Reinsch, World Politics (New York, 1900) ; Schouler, III, as cited; 
Hart, Formation of the Union, 241-44 ; Oilman, Monroe, 156-74 ; Wharton, 
Digest of International Law, sees. 57-61, 72 ; Dana's Wheaton's Inter- 
national Law, 97-112; Von Hoist, I, 409 ff . ; Schuyler. Diplomacy, as cited; 
Morse, J. Q. Adams, 128-38 ; Lalor, I, 66-69, II, 898-900 ; Williams, States- 
man's Manual, I, 462, 465 ff. ; Treaties and Conventions ; Kasson, in North 
American Review, CXXIII, 241-54, 523-33; Nation, XXXIV, 9; Bibli- 
ography, J. F. Jameson, in Oilman's Monroe, 269-80 ; also one by Turner, 
in Rise of New West, 351-52. See Burgess, in Pol. Sc. Quarterly, II, 44 
ff. ; and Moore, in ihid., II, 1 ff ; G. W. Crichfield, American Supremacy 
(1908) ; T. B. Edgington, Monroe Doctrine (1904) ; A. B. Hart, Contem- 
poraries, III, 494-98 ; and University Card Catalogue. 

Section XII. John Quincy Adams, a Puritan Scholar in 
Politics (1767-1848). 

A. Adams the Man. 

I. The Adams Family: Characteristics. 

II. Early Life of John Quincy Adams. 

1. Education. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 43 

2. Moral and intellectual traits. 

3. Personal appearance; habits. 

4. Public experience before becoming president. 

B. Adams the President. 

I. Election of 1824; Candidates: Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and 

Adams. 

II. Election in the House, 1825. 

1. Was the choice of Adams constitutional? 

2. Question of a "corrupt bargain'' between Adams and Clay. 

III. The Election of 1828. 

1. Opposition to Adams. 

a. Question of abuse of patronage. 

h. Question of extravagance and fiscal abuse. 

2. Triumph of Jackson; signs of a new era. 

IV. General Policy of Adams's Administration. 

C. Adams and Federal Patronage. 
I. Evolution of the J^poils System before Jackson. 

1. Intention of the framers of the Constitution : Madison's 

declaration (Annals of Congress, First Congress, first 
session, 498). 

2. Rise of the system in the states. 

a. Introduced into Pennsylvania by Governor McKean, 
1799, 1805; criticised for his course, but not im- 
peached (Hildreth, V, 362, 591). 

&, In New York. 

1) Monopoly of patronage by the great families 

(Roosevelt, Neto York, 161). 

2) Jay's honorable course (Jay, Jay, 392). 

3) Aaron Burr establishes the machine in New 

York, 1801 (Roberts, Neio York, II, 481) ; 
Burr's maxims as to political management (La 
lor. III, 783). 

4) DeWitt Clinton proves himself a worthy pupil 

of Burr; use of the Council of Appointment 
(for the constitutional provision, see Poore, II, 
1336). 

5) Van Buren (disciple of Burr) and the "Albany 

Regency." After the fall of "King Caucus" he 
carries the corrupt machine into the wards and 
primaries (Von Hoist, II, 21; Lalor, I. 45). 



44 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

6) Senator Marcy's celebrated declaration, 1832: 
''To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy." 

3. Causes leading- to the introduction of the system in the 

federal patronage. 

a. Rapid increase in the number and value of federal 
offices. 

1) The civil service in 1789 (Lalor, III, 139, 140). 

2) The civil service, 1800-1809 (Sybert, 706). 

3) Present state of civil service (Statesman's Year 

Book, 1801, p. 1058; idem, 1907; Reports of 
United States Civil Service Commissioner; es- 
pecially Ninth Report; Tenth Report, 3, and 
later Reports. 
6. The overthrow of the congressional caucus. 

1) Its rise and history, 1804-24; was the practice 

unconstitutional? (See Constitution, art. II, 
sec. i, par. 2). 

2) Causes of its fall: the attack of Niles (Register, 

XXIV, 195, 322; Sumner, Jackson, 79; Von 

Hoist, II, 2). 

(a) Crawford's caucus nomination. 

(6) The four candidates in the same party 

might make caucus nomination equivalent 

to an election by Congress. 
(c) Jackson a candidate outside of party. 

3) Effects: Van Buren teaches how to "pack the 

primaries"; the demagogue supersedes the 
statesman in politics (Landon, Constitutional 
History, 149). 

c. The ''Demos Krateo" principle vs. the theory of the 

constitution growing out of the election in the 
House, 1826 (Von Hoist, II, 7; Stanwood, 87, 88: 
Sumner, Jackson, 97). 

d. Rotation in office as a "republican" principle. 

4. Significance of the Four Years' Tenure Act, May 15, 1820 

(Xiles, XVIII, 234; Annals of Congress, Sixteenth Con 

gress, I, 25; II, 2598). 

a. Alleged motive of Crawford (Lalor, III, 900; J, Q. 

Adams, Memoirs, VII, 424. Cf. Fish, 66 ff.). 
t. How regarded at the time by statesmen. 
c. Effects (Sumner, Jackson, 83; Schouler, III. 175; 

Hart, 246; Lalor, III, 900). 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 45 

5. The thirst for office increased. 

II. History of Appointments, 1789-1829 (Salmon, A2:>pomtmg 
Poiver; Pish, Civil Service and Patronage, 1-104), 

1. Washington's policy (Marshall, Washington, I, 150, 151; 

Schouler, I, 107 ff,; Salmon, 815; Hildreth, IV, 131, 
132; Niles, XX, 249, XLII, 9). 

2. John Adams's policy, 

a. Adopts Washington's principles; 19 removals in four 
years as against 17 by Washington (Niles, XLII, 
9; Morse, Adams, 293-303; Fish, 13, 20), 

&. Censnred for appointing relatives. 

c. The "midnight appointments." 

3. Jefiferson's policy (see Fish, 29 ff.). 

4. Monroe's policy (Oilman, Monroe, 191; Fish, see Index). 

a. Jackson's advice (Niles, XXVI, 164; Williams, I, 

544, 545). 
6. But few removals, and those for cause, 
c. Inadvertently signs the Tenure Act, 1820; but takes 

no partisan advantage of it. 

5. Policy of John Q. Adams '^( Schouler. Ill, 343 fif.). 

a. Admirable in its purpose, but almost too indulgent 
of political enemies, even those suspected of cor- 
ruption. 

h. Only two removals, and those for cause. 

c. His lesson for Americans. 

D. Adams and Slavenj, 1829-1848. 

REFERENCES. 

I. General References. — The best short biography is that of Morse, 
John Qui)tcy Adams (1882). There are also a Life of Adams (1849) by 
W. H. Seward; a Memoir (1858) by Josiah Quincy. Adams's Memoirs 
(12 vols., 1874-1877) are a inine of information regarding himself and his 
contemporaries. See also Schouler, United States. Ill ; Hart, Formation 
of the Union, 245-62; Johnston, Politics; Stanwood, History of the Presi- 
dency (1898), Von Hoist, Constitutional Eistory, IT, 1 ff. ; Benton, 
Thirty Years'' View, 1, 46-50. Consult the indexes to the volumes by 
Babcock, Turner, MacDonald, Hart, and Garrison, in the "American 
Nation" series; and Hart's Contemporaries. 

II. Origin of the Spoils System. — Salmon, "Appointing Power," in 
Am. Hist. Ass., Papers, I, No. 5 ; Fish, 79-104 ; Lalor, Cyclopedia, I, 139 
ff., II, 783-87, III, 895 ff . ; Hart, Formation of the Union, 246: Shepard, 
Van Buren, 32-45 ; Roberts, Neu? York, II, 466-84 ; Roosevelt. 'Slew YorJc, 
156-65; Hildreth. V, 360. 363, 591, 424; Sybert, Statistical Annals, 705, 
378; Niles, Register, XXIV- V, and Index; Sumner. Jackson, 145 ff . ; 
Merriam, in Am. Hist. Ass., Papers, II ; Adams, United States, Index ; 
Morse. J. Q. Adams; Reports of U. S. Civil Service Commission; Eaton, 
Civil Service. 



46 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

Of special value are the articles of Carl E. Fish, "Eemoval of Officials 
by the Presidents of the United States," in American Historical Asso- 
ciation, Report, 1899, I, 67-86 ; supplemented by idem, "Lincoln and Pat- 
ronage," in American Historical Review, VIII, 53-69 ; and Gaillard Hunt, 
"Office-Seeking during Washington's Administration," in American His- 
torical Review, I, 270-83 ; ide^n, the same "during John Adams's Adminis- 
tration," in ihid., II, 241-61; idem, the same "during Jefferson's Admin- 
istration," in ibid.. Ill, 270-91. On DeWitt Clinton, Burr, VanBuren and 
other makers' of the "Spoils System," see S. P. Orth, Five American Poli- 
ticians (1906). 

III. Jackson and the Sj)oils System. — Sumner, Jackson, 136 ff. ; 
Schouler, III, 451-65; Johnston, Politics 112-113; Parton, Jackson; Cur- 
tis, Webster; Ormsby, Whig Party, 185 ft.; Bradford, United States, 369- 
70; Williams, Stateman's Manual, II, 961 ff . ; Macdonald, Jacksonian De- 
mocracy, 54 fl. ; Buell, Jackson; Lucy M. Salmon. Appointing Power, 
54-86; Carl R. Fish, Civil Service and Patronage (1905), 105 ff. 

Section XIII. Andrew Jackson, a Frontiersman in Politics 

(1767-1845). 
A. Evolution of Jackson's Personality (1767-1828). 

I. Boyhood, 1767-1787 (Sumner, Andrew Jackson, 1-25; Brown, 
Andrew Jackson, 1-45; Buell, History of Andr&w Jack- 
son, I, 16-241; Parton. Life of Andrew Jackson, I, 29- 
349; Trent, in Is^ew International Encyclopaedia, XI, 
73-75). 

1. Jackson's Scotch-Irish parents, of Carrickfergus, came to 

Twelve-Mile Creek, S. C, 1765; Andrew born at Wax- 
haw, N. C, March 15, 1767 (Buell, I. 16-33; Parton, I, 
29-58; Brown, 1-6). 

2. His inferior rudimentary education (Buell, I, 34 ff. ; Par- 

ton, I, 62 ff.; Sumner, '3). 

a. At the Old Field School; at Dr. Humphries's "Acad- 
emy" in Waxhaw; and perhaps elsewhere. 
6. Question of his attendance at Queen's College, N. C. 

c. Myth regarding Dr. WaddelTs academy. 

d. Results of his schooling (Parton, I, 67-9, 237; Sum- 

ner, 3, 15; Buell, I, 34-38, 40). 

3. Youthful traits and habits. 

4. Jackson and the Jackson family in the Revolution (Par- 

ton, I, 70-96; Buell, I, 38 f.; Sumner, 2-4). 

5. Jackson the school teacher, 1781-3. 

6. Jackson the law-student (Partou, I, 96-110; Brown, 11-12, 

Buell, I, 61-69). 

a. With Spruce INIcCay at Salisbury, N. C, 1784-85 ; and 

with John Stokes, 1785-87. 
6. Admission to the bar of N. C, 1787. 



ANDREW JACKSON. 47 

7. Jackson at twenty; character and personal appearance 
(Parton, I, 61, 110-115). 

II. Early Manhood: Vicissitudes of the American-Frontier. 

^788-1811 (Sumner, 5-25; Brown, 12-45; Parton, I, 115- 
360; Buell, I, 70 241). 

1. The Tennessee lawyer, 1788 (Parton, I, 134 flf.). 

a. Social prestige of the legal profession on the South- 
western border. 
6. Duties of a prosecuting attorney in early Tennessee. 

2. Jackson's irregular marriage with Mrs. Rachel Robarda 

(nee Donelson), 1791; ceremony repeated (after di- 
vorce from Robards), 1794; effects of the marriage on 
Jackson's career? (see Parton, I, 145 ff. ; Sumner, 8-10). 

3. Jackson, the fighting lawyer (Parton, I, 155-169). 

4. Member of the Tennessee Constitutional Convention, 

1796. 

5. Member of U. S. House of Representatives, 1796 ; Jackson 

a ''Filthy Democrat" (Irving, Life of Washington, V; 
Parton, 1, 196 ff.; Buell, I, 97 fif.). 

6. Member of U. S. Senate, 1797-1798 (resigned). 

7. Major General of Militia, 1801 flf. 

8. Judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, 1798-1804 (re- 

signed) ; planter and merchant (Buell, I, 126-52). 

9. Jackson and Burr, 1805-1807: why he was attracted by 

Burr's supposed projects (Buell, I, 183 If.; Adams, 
Unifed States, III). 

10. Various events and occupations, 1807-1811 (Buell, I, 210 

fif; Sumner, 23-25). 

a. Planter and horse-breeder. 

h. Home life at the "Hermitage." 

c. Jackson's selection of Blount for governor (1808-15). 

d. Becomes acquainted with Thomas Hart Benton. 

e. War with Sila.s Dinsmore, the U. S. Choctaw Indian 

Agent, 1810-1812 (Sumner, 23-4; Buell, I, 238-41, 
Parton, I, 349-60). 

11. Jackson's personality at the close of this period. 

a. His preparation for political and military leadership. 

6. Evidences of his cay)acity. 

c. Evidences of his violent temper : Jackson the duelist. 

III. Jackson the "Military Hero," 1811-1824 (Parton, I, 360 ff.: 

Buell, I, 242 ff.; Sumner, 26 ff.). 



48 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

1. "Old Hickory," and the volunteers for defense of New 

Orleans and the Southwest, 1812-13; feud with the Ben- 
tons. 

2. The Soldier in the Creek War, 1813-14 (Sumner, 32-36) ; 

becomes major-general in U. S. Army, May 31, 1813. 

3. Capture of Pensecola, November, 1814, 

4. The defense of New Orleans (Parton, II, 11 ff.; Buell, II, 

1 ff.). 

a. The night-battle (see especially Roosevelt, Naval War 

of 1812, last chapter; and Buell, I, 385-432). 
h. The victory of Jan. 8, 1815 (Buell, II, 1 ff.). 
c. Jackson and Florida: the Seminole War, 1818. 

1) Importance of the war. 

2) Execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, April 

29, 1818; the later proceedings in Congress and 
in Monroe's Cabinet; the basis of Jackson's 
feuds with Clay, Calhoun, and Crawford. 

IV. Jackson and the Elections of 1824 and 1828. . See preceding 
syllabus for election 1824. 

EEFEEENCES FOE THE PEEIOD, 1767-1828. 

See the works of Suniner, Buell, Parton, Brown, and Trent, already- 
cited. Further, consult E. E. Sparks, Men who made the Nation, 282- 
317; Peck, Jacksonian Epoch (N, Y., 1899) ; Benton, Thirty Tears' View; 
Eoosevelt, Naval War of 1812; Kendall, Life of Jackson (N. Y., 1844) ; 
Eamsey, Annals of Temiessee (1853) ; MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy, 
16-27 ; Turner, Rise of the New West, Index at "Jackson" ; Babcock, Rise 
of American Nationality, Index at "Jackson" ; Schouler, United States, 
II, 439-44, and Index; Eoosevelt, Thos. H. Benton, 28 ff., 59-61, and Index; 
Von Hoist, Calhoun, 88-93, 104-106, and Index; Hildreth, United States, 
I, 691-2, 696, II, 175, 195, 597-8, 615, III, 397, 407, 447-50, 477-80, 521-3, 
559-65 (New Orleans), 575-76, 628, 640-47, 654-57; Adams, United States, 
Index to Vol. IX. at "Jackson"; Hart, Formation of the Union, 189, 213, 
221, 249-50 ; Walker, Making of the Nation, 239-45 ; Morse. John Quincy 
Adams, Index; Von Hoist, Constitutional History, II, 29-31., Ill, 5, and 
Index; Parton, General Jackson (1893) ; McMaster, People of the United 
States, II, 33-34, 285, III, Index, IV, Index; Dusenberg, Monument to the 
Memory of Gen. Andrew Jackson (1846) ; Stoddard, in his Lives of the 
Presidents, IV, 1-248 ; Thatcher, Ideas that have influenced Civilization, 
VIII, 275-85. 

See Bibliographies in Hart and Channing, Eandhook, 92-93, 348, 359, 
364, 366-74; Parton, Life of Jackson, I, pp. xiii-xxv ; Sumner, Andrew 
Jackson, 386-92; and source-material in Hart, Contemporaries, III, 483- 
87, 531-35, 540-44, 548-53. 

B. The Problems of Jackson's Administration (1829-1837). 
I. Jackson and the Spoils System. 

1. Growth of the system before Jackson. See this syllabus. 
Sec. XII. 



ANDREW JACKSON. 49 

2. Jackson's personal influence. 

3. Details as to official appointments and dismissals. 

EEFEEENCES. 
Sumner. Jackson, 136 ff . ; Johnston, Politics, 112-13; D. B. Eaton, in 
Lalor, CycloiHPdia, III, 783-87; MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy, 54 
ff. ; Scliouler, United States, III, 451-65; Parton, Jackson, III; Buell, 
Jackson, II, 207 ff . ; Brown, Jackson, 121 ff . ; Ormsby. Whig Party, 185 
ff. ; Bradford, United States, 369-70; Cnrtis, Daniel Webster, I, 347-48; 
Schurz, Henri/ Clay, I, 332 ff., II, 183-84; Koosevelt, Benton, 69 ff , ; 
Williams, Statesma7i\<t Manual, II, 961 ff . ; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 
26-34; Eaton, History of the Civil Service (ISSO) ; especially Carl E. Fish, 
Civil Service and Patronage (1905), 105 ff . ; Lucy M. Salmon, Appointi^ig 
Power, 54-85. 

II. Jackson and Nullification. 

1. Origin of the Nullification incident; the Tariff Act of 

1828; comparison of the doctrines of Jefferson and 
Calhoun. 

2. Nullification in South Carolina; the ordinance of Nov. 24, 

1832 (MacDonald, Select Documents, 268-71). 

3. How Jackson suppressed the nullification movement; his 

proclamation (MacDonald, Select Documents, 273-283). 

EEFEEENCES. 

Schurz, Henry Clay, II, 1-23 ; ^lacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy, 
148-68; Buell, Jackson, II, 233-63; Sumner, Jackson, 207-23; Parton, 
Jackson, III, chaps, xxxii-xxxiv ; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 55-62; 
Von Hoist, Constitutional History, I, chap, xii; idem, Calhoun, chap, iv; 
HoMston, Critical Study of Nullification, being Harvard Historical Studies, 
III; Bolles, Financial History, II, 282-433; Gass, History of Tariff Ad-t 
ministration, being ColumMa College Studies, 1, chap, iii ; Taussig, His- 
tory of the Tariff, 68-112; Lodge, Webster, chaps, vi, vii; Loring, Nullifi- 
cation; Curtis, Webster, I, chaps, xvi-xix ; McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, 139- 
49; Eoosevelt, Benton, chap, v* Schouler, IV, chap, xiv, sec. iii; Draper, 
Civil War, I, chap, xxi ; Wise, Seven Decades, chap, vi ; Lalor, III, 861 ; 
Lodge, Webster, 174 ff . ; MacDonald, Select Documents, 239-59; 268-83. 

For bibliography, see Channing and Hart, Guide, 370-72 ; Foster, 
References to Presidential Administrations, 23-24 ; Houston, Critical 
Study, App. 9. 

III. Jackson and the Bank-War. 

1. Origin of the Second Bank of the United States; the 

Charter of April 10, 1816. 
a. Capital, |35,000,000. 
6. Branches. 

2. History of the Bank before Jackson. 

a. Mistakes and frauds in its administration. 
&. Character of Nicholas Biddle and of the other direc- 
tors of the Bank. 
4 



50 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

c. The leading case of McCulloch vs. Maryland (in 4. 

Wheaton) . 
3. Jackson's bank policy. 

a. Message of Dec. 8, 1829. 

h. Constitutional objections; the veto of the re-charter 

bill, 1832. 

c. Personal considerations. 

d. Methods of attack. 

c. Results of the veto of the bank bill and of the closing 
of the Bank. 

1) The removal of the deposits. 

2) Influence on the financial crisis of 1837-40. 

EEFEEENCES. 

E. P. Falkner, in New International Encyclopaedia, II, 467-68 ; A. 
Johnston, in Lalor, Cyclopwdia, I, 199-204, giving a list of references , 
MacDonald, Jacksonian Donocracy, 112-133, 218 fE. ; Buell, Jackson, II, 
294-328 ; Parton. Jackson, III, chaps, xxxiii-xxxix ; Sumner, Jackson, 
224-49; Wilson, Dirision and Reunion, 69-84; Von Hoist, Constitutional 
History, II, 52-79 ; Bolles. Financial History, II, 235-58 ; Schurz, Henry 
Clay, i, 132, 345, 351-55, 372-74, II, 25 fE., 47-50, 115, 142, 143; Schouler. 
IV, chap, xiv, sec. i ; Curtis, Webster, I, chaf)s. xx-xxiii ; Colton, Henry 
Clay, II, chaps, iii-iv; Eoosevelt, Benton, chap, vi ; Tyler, Taney; Wise, 
iSeven Decades, chap, vii ; American History Leaflets, No. 24 ; Benton, 
Ahridgment, XTI. XIII ; Niles, Register. XLVI-L ; Benton, Thirty Years' 
View, I, chaps. 92-111; Calhoun, Works, II, III; Webster, Works III, 
506-51; MacDonald, Select Documents, 207-12; 238, 259-68. 

Section XIV. Henry Clay, the Compromiser (1777-1852). 

A. Evolution of Clay's Personality (1777-1811). 

I. Boyhood, 1777-1797 (Schurz, Henry Clay, I, 1-12; Trent, in 
New International Encyclopaedia, V. 8 ff. ; Rogers, The 
True Henry Clay, 17-33). 

1. His English ancestor came to Virginia soon after the first 

colonization; his father was John Clay, a Baptist 
minister (died, 1781) ; his mother a daughter of George 
Hudson, of Hanover Co. 

2. Henry was born April 12. 1777, in the ''Slashes" neigh- 

borhood in Hanover county, Va. 

3. His elementary education in the log schoolhouse of the 

"Slashes" under Peter Deacon; how he won the title, 
"The Mill-boy of the Slashes." Clay had neither sem- 
inary nor college training. 

4. Youthful employments. 

a. The "Boy Behind the Counter," 1791-2, in Richmond. 



HENRY CLAY, 51 

h. Clerk in the Va. High Court of Chancery, 1792-9G; 
influence of Chancellor George Wythe; the latter's 
characteristics and achievements. 

5. The law-student in office of Attorney-General Brooke of 

Virginia, 179G-7; admission to the Bar and removal to 
Kentucky, 1797 (compare with Jackson's experience). 

6. Clay's personal characteristics at age of 21 (Rogers, 23 

ff.; Schurz, I, 25-26, II, 23). 

II. Early Manhood, 1797-1811. 

1. Characteristics of early Kentucky; arrival of Daniel 

Boone, 1769; population, 1797, ca. 180,000; Lexington 
as a "literary and intellectual centre." 

2. Clay's traits as a lawyer. 

a. Superficiality; power as a speaker; his popularitv 

(Rogers, 34 ff.). 
h. His legal ethics ; secret of his success in criminal and 
civil cases. 

3. Marries Lucretia Hart, 1799; the Ashland estate; Clay 

as a farmer (Rogers, 44-55). 

4. First political experience, 1799-1806 (Schurz, I, 27 ff.: 

Rogers, 56 ff.). 

a. In popular discussion, he favors the proposed consti- 
tutional provision for the gradual emancipation of 
slaves in Kentucky; nature of the early "philo- 
sophic" anti-slavery movement; Patrick Henry's po- 
sition; courage of Henry Clay. 

&. Clay's speeches against the "alien and sedition laws." 

c. In the Kentucky assembly, 1803. 

5. Fills a vacancy in U. S. Senate, 1806-7 (Schurz, I, 38 ff.). 

a. Favors "internal improvements." 
h. Value of this early experience. 

6. Again in the Ky. assembly, 1807-9; hostility to England; 

favors the embargo; duel with Humphrey Marshall. 

7. Again fills a vacancy in U. S. Senate, 1809-10; his peculiar 

theory of protection to manufacturing industry (Schurz, 
I, 52-57) ; his position on the West Florida question; op- 
poses the Bank re-charter. 
B. Chiij the Awerican Statesitmn. 1811-1852. 

I. During the War of 1812 (Schurz, I, 67-125; Hart, Formation 
of the Union, 203 ff. ; Rogers, 64 ff. ; Schouler, II, 336 ff., 
348). 



52 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

1. Clay the ''War-Hawk," or leader of the War-Repnblicans in 

the House (Rogers, 64-75; Schurz, I, 67 ft'.; Von Hoist, 
Const. Hist, 1,225 fl.). 
a. Leaders associated with Clay. 

6. Clay favors a strong navy; and the invasion of Can- 
ada. 

2. Clay the Speaker (Rogers, 90-103; Follett, ''Henry Clay 

as speaker," in Am. Hist. Asso., Report, 1891, pp. 257- 
65; idem. History of the Speakership; Hart, "The 
Speaker as Premier," in his Practical Essays, 1-19; or 
the same in Atlantic, March, 1891) . 
a. Clay first "draws out" or demonstrates the possibili- 
ties of the speaker's powers. 
6. Dates and other facts as to his long service as 
speaker. 

3. Clay the "peace-maker" (Adams, United States, IX, 1-79; 

Schurz, I, 102-125; Rogers, 76-89; Schouler. II, 431-38). 
a. Character of the makers and of the proceedings of 

the Treaty of Ghent. 
Z). Clay's part in the treaty. 

II. Clay in the House, 1815-1824 (Schurz, I, 126-202). 

1. Favors the re-charter of the Bank, 1816; later position 

(Rogers, 267 fP.). 

2. Champion of protective tariff for safety of the country in 

war time (1816). 

3. Advocates internal improvements (Hart, 253-55; Schurz, 

I, 45 ff., 46, 1.38, 145, 162). 

4. His radical position regarding the Monroe doctrine. 

5. His part in the Missouri Compromise, 1820-21 (Schurz, T, 

172-202; Hart, 238-41; Rogers, 235 ff . ; Schouler, III, 

III. Clay the Presidential Candidate. 

1. Rivals of Clay, 1824 ; Clay and Jackson as enemies. 

2. Clay the President- Maker, 1825. 

a. Election in the House rejects Jackson for Adams* 

the principle of demos Jcrateo. 
J). Clay, Adams, and the "dirty bargain" (Schurz, I. 236 

ff.V Rogers, 124-137; Schouler, III, 324-29, 338-43). 

IV. Clay as Secretary of State, 1825-1829 (Schurz, I, 258-310: 

Rogers, 138-144). 

1. How he conducted the office. 

2. The Panama Congress (Schouler, III, 358 ff.). 



HENRY CLAY. Q6 

3. Clay and the tariff of 1828. 

4. Clay and slavery; colonization scheme (Rogers, 145-156; 

later position, Schurz, II, 69 ft"., 152 ff.; Von Hoist, I, 
412 ff.). 

5. Pleasant relations of Clay and Adams. 

V. Clay's Second Candidacy for the Presidency, 1832. 

1. The party chiefs (Schurz, I, 311-349; Clay a National Re- 

publican (became Whig party). 

2. The Campaign: Jackson victorious (Schurz, I, 350-83; 

Rogers, 172-93; Schouler, IV, 71-83). 

VI. Clay and the Tariff Compromise of 1833 (Rhodes, I, 47 ff. ; 

Thatcher, as below cited; also Rogers, 239 ff. ; Schurz, 
II, 1-22 ; Taussig, Tariff History, 105 ; Schouler, IV, 102 
ff.; Von Hoist, I, 491-505). 

1. Tariff of 1832 and South Carolina nullification; Clay's 

"American System" (Schouler, IV, 61 ff.). 

2. The Compromise of 1833 arranged by Calhoun, Clayton, 

and Clay; Clay's land-revenue bill; and the "force-bill." 

VII. Clay's Third Candidacy for the Presidency, 1844; Slavery 

and the annexation of Texas the chief "issue" (Schurz. 
II, 228-67; Schouler, IV, 459-80; Rogers, 179 ff., 206 ff.). 

1. Clay, as the "Old Prince," becomes the Whig candidate. 

2. Polk, the Democratic annexationist, victorious. 

3. Clay failed to gain the convention nomination in 1839-40 

and in 1848 (Rogers, 194-203; Von Hoist, II, 361 ff.). 

VIII. Clay and the Compromise of 1850 (Rogers, 333-56; Schurz, 

II, 315-72; Schouler, V, 160-83, 196 ff. ; Thatcher, as 
below cited ; Rhodes, United States, I, 181 ff ; Von Hoist, 
III.). 

IX. Clay's Place in American History. 

1. His personalitv (Rogers, 157-71, 366-80; Schurz, II, 405- 

14). 

a. Appearance. 

h. Habits, moral standards, and ideals. 

c. Oratory; power as a debater. 

2. Statesmanship: was he the "preserver of the Union"? 

(Rogers, 357 ff.). 

3. Comparison with Calhoun, Webster, and Douglas. 

REFEKENCES. 
The best biography of Clay is Carl Schurz, Eenry Clay (2 vols.. N. 
Y.. 1S92) ; and personal details are well present'^'=l in J. M. Eog-ers. The 



54 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

True Eenry Clay (1904). Begin by reading the short account by W. T*. 
Trent, in ISleiv Int. Encyclopcedia, V, 8-10. Professor Howard W- Cald- 
well in his Henry Clay (Chicago, 1899) has a lively and trustworthy 
accoimt with a bibliography (p. 100). There are short sketches by 
Parton, Famous Americans (1871), 1-52; Greeley, in his Recollections 
(1869), 159-68; Littell, in his Clay Minstrel (1844), 1 fE. ; Orth, Five. 
American Politicians (1906) ; Mallory, Biography of Henry Clay; Colton, 
Last Seven Years of Henry Clay (1856) ; E. E. Sparks, Men icJio made 
the ISlation, 255-81. 

Consult also Prentice, Biography of Henry Clay (2d ed., 1831) ; Sargent. 
Life and Public Services of Henry Clay (1859) ; Thatcher, Ideas that have 
influenced Civilization, VIII, 148-60 (Clay on internal improvements), 
285-88 (compromise of 1833), IX, 117-23 (compromise of 1850). 

The Works of Clay are edited in 7 volumes by Calvin Colton. with a 
biography. 

On Clay as Speaker, see the works of Eogers. Hart, and Follett, above 
cited. The histories of Schoiiler, Von Hoist, Ehodes, Adams, and Hart 
already cited contain much material. See also McMaster. People of 
United States, Index; Babcock, Rise of American Nationality (1906) ; 
Turner. Rise of the New West (1906) ; MacDonald. Jaclcsonian Democracy 
(1906) ; Hart, Slavery and Abolition (1906) ; Garrison, Westward ex- 
tension (1906) ; Von Hoist, Calhonn; Shepard, VanBuren; Adams, Ran- 
dolph; Morse, J. Q. Adams — in each case using the Index. 

See especially Caldwell, Some American Legislators, 52-73 ; and his 
Henry Clay (1899) ; and Hart, Contemporaries, III, 11, 417-20, 427-29, 
499-501, 646-49. 

Section XV. Daniel Webster, the Defender op the Federal 
Union (1782-1852). 

A. Evolution of Welster's Personality (1782-1828). 

I. Early Years (1782-1805). 

1. Born in Salisbury (now Franklin), N. H., Jan. 18, 1782; 

descended from the Scotch Puritan, Thomas Webster, 
who settled in New Hampshire ca. 1636; character and 
deeds of his father, Ebenezer Webster (1739-1806) : In- 
dian fighter, ranger. Revolutionary officer, and Judge; 
his mother, Abigail Eastman, 

2. General education (Lodge, 9 ff. ; Curtis, Life of Daniel 

Webster, I; Lauman, Private Life of Webster; also 

works of Parton and McMaster) . 

a. At village schools; reading and sawing. 

Z). At Exeter Academy (1794). 

c. With Dr. Wood at Boscawen, N. H. (1795-7). 

d. At Dartmouth, 1797-1801 : his attainments and traits 

at this period (Lodge, 13-23). 

1) Editor of a weekly journal, 

2) "Catches" poetry. 



DANIEL WEBSTER. 55 

3) Foiii'th of July Oration, 1800, at Hanover. 

4) Oration on "Opinion." 

3. Law training : in Thompson's law-office at Salisbury, 1801, 
1803; in office of Christopher Gore, Boston, 1804-5; ad- 
mitted to the bar, 1805. 
a. Principal of ^'Fryebonrg- Academy/' Maine: Daniel's 

love for his brother, Ezekiel, and the self-sacrifice 

of their parents for their sons. 
&. Declines court clerkship at salary of |1500.00, 1804. 

II. Early Career as Lawyer, Legislator, and OratOr. 

1. Webster the lawyer : at Boscawen, 1805-7 ; at Portsmouth, 

N. H., 1807-10; at Boston, 1816 fif. 

a. His first criminal case (Lodge, 34-35) ; anecdotes and 

incidents in his early legal experience. 
&. He mixes law with speeches, orations, and pamphlets: 

the Portsmouth oration. July 4, 1812 (Lodge, 45-47). 

c. The Dartmouth College Case.' 1816 (Lodge, 72-98). 

1) Origin of the case. 

2) Importance of the decision. 

3) Eelation to later decisions affecting contract and 

"police-power." 

4) Greatness of Webster's legal and forensic pow- 

ers. 

d. Webster's argument in Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1821 

(Lodge, 99 ff.). 

e. His argument in Ogden vs. Saunders, 1827. 

f. In the Girard WillCase, 1844. 

g. In the. Rhode Island Case. 

2. Famous orations (Lodge. 117-128). 

a. The Plymouth Oration, Dec. 22, 1820. 

h. The Bunker Hill Oration, 1825. 

c. The Eulogy on Adams and Jefl'erson, 1826. 

3. The legislator. 

a. Webster's work in the Massachusetts constitutional 
convention, 1820 (Lodge, 110 ff.). 

6. Representative from New Hampshire in U. S. Con- 
gress, 1813-17; an anti-war Federalist (Lodge. 49 
ff.). 

1) Opposes embargo and favors navy. 

2) His position on the bank, finance, and the tariff 

(Lodge, 62 ff.). 

3) On Committee for Foreign Relations. 



5G AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP, 

c. Representative from Massachusetts, 1822-27 (Lodge, 
129-153). 

B. Vt^ehster the statesman: the Champion of the National Union 

(1828-1852). 

I. Offices and Aspirations (Lodge, 154 if.). 

1. In the U. S. Senate, 1827-1841. 

a. Favors taritf of 1828. 

&. Resists doctrine of nullification, 1830: his reply to 

Hayne. 
c. Resists Jackson's bank policy, favoring recharter 

(Lodge, 205 ff.). 

2. Secretary of State, 1841-43 (Lodge, 241 ff.). 

a. The McLeod and Creole incidents. 
1). The Ashburton Treaty. 

3. Again in the Senate, 1S45-1850 (Lodge, 264-332). 

a. Resists annexation of Texas and war with Mexico. 

&. The Seventh of March speech, 1850: effects of Web- 
ster's compromise views (Rhodes, I, 137-62; Von 
Hoist, III, 497 ff.). 

4. Again Secretary of State, 1850-52. 

5. Webster and the "Presidential Bee" (Von Hoist, II, 345, 

364, 410, III, 502, 504, 505, IV, 72, 140, 147). 
rt. 1836 : receives electoral vote of Massachusetts. 
6. Suggested for presidency, 1840 : small following. 

c. Failed to get Whig nomination, 1848; defeated by 

Taylor. 

d. Failed to get Whig nomination, 1852; defeated by 

Scott; advised friends to vote for Pierce, the Demo- 
cratic candidate. 

TI. Characteristics of Webster (Lodge, 343-62; Von Hoist, III, 
503-4. IV, 42-43, 204). 
a. Personal appearance. 
6. Intellectual powers. 

c. Traits and habits. 

d. Weakness of his moral character, 
c. His place in American history. 

EEFERENCES. 
After the brief article in the ISieiv International Eiicyclopwdia, XX, 
292-93. the biography by H. C. Lodge, Daniel Wel)ste)\ in the Statesman 
Series (1883), may be read to advantage. This may be followed by the 
standard work of G. T. Cnrtis, Daniel Webster (2 vols.. 4th ed., 1872). 
There are short lives by J. B. IMcMaster (1902) ; and bv H. E. Scndder 



CHARLES SUMXER. 57 

(1882). See also Peter Harvey, Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Daniel 
Webster (1877) ; Edward Everett, Biographical Memoir, in Webster's 
Worls (1877), I. 13-160; O. J. Thatcher, Ideas that have influenced Civ- 
ilization, VIII, 247-270 (the Supreme Court the final Arbiter) ; E. P. 
Gould, John Adams and Daniel Webster as Schoolmasters (1903) ; T. S. 
King. Webster's Character and his Work in our National Life, in his 
Substance and Shoiv (1877), 290-353; Charles Lauman. Private Life of 
Daniel Webster (1853) ; James Parton, Daniel Webster, in his Famous 
Americans (1871), 53-112; J. C. Eeed, Webster, in his. The Brothers's 
War (1905), 130-160; E. P. Wheeler, Daniel Webster the Expounder of the 
Constitution (1905) ; and E. E. Sparks, Men who made the Nation, 318- 
45. Some discussion of the questions connected with Webster's career 
may be found in James Ford Ehodes, United. States, III, 35-38 (tariff of 
1824), I, 42 ff. (with Hayne). 50 (with Calhoim), 72, 77 (Texas), 137- 
162 (7th of March Speech) ; H. von Hoist, Constitutional History, Index 
volume. 340-45, detailed references ; James Schouler, Index to each vol- 
ume ; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, 134, 203, 226, 230, 248, 236 
(Dartmouth College Case), 258; W. Wilson, Division and Reunion. 11, 
30, 31, 44-47, 137, 139, 140, 141, 170, 173, 175; K. C. Babcock, Rise of 
American Nationality, 210-11, 221, 224, 226, 229, 237, 302; F. J. Turner, 
Rise of the New West, 5, 12, 19, 25, 176, 218, 239, 321; William Mac- 
Donald, Jacksonian Democracy, 62, 69, 72, 132 (bank veto), 163. 95-105 
(const, debates), 149, 166 (force bill), 214 (Texas), 233, 298-300, 303; 
A. B, Hart, Slavery and Abolition, 265, 294 (Creole case) ; G. P. Garrison, 
Westicard Extension, 54. 62, 65, 67, 70. 81-84 (Ashburton Treaty), 197, 
259, 324-26 (7th of March speech). The new work of E. P. Wheeler. 
Daniel Webster, the Expounder of the Constitution, should be consulted. 

Compare A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, III. 11, 356-40, IV, 52-56; and 
read also W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, 82-379. passim; Carl Schurz, 
Henry Clay, Index to vol. II; H. von Hoist, Calhoun, 60, 83, 210, 
225, 273, 322; T. Roosevelt, Benton, Index; E. M. Shepard. Van Bnren, 
Index; Moorefield Storey, Sumner, Index; A. L. Dawes, Sumner, 8, 11, 
17, 48, 52, 65, 66, 86, 101; E. L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles 
Sumner. Index; H. C. Lodge, Studies in History (1884), 294-329. 

For the debate with Hayne, consult W. MacDonald. Select Documents, 
240-49. 255-59 ; Elliot, Debates, IV, 496-519 ; W. J. Bryan, World's Famous 
Orations, IX, 3-63. 

See the Writings and Speeches of Webster (national ed., 18 vols.. 
1903) ; C. H. Van Tyne's edition of The Letters of Daniel Webster (1902) ; 
source material in H. W. Caldwell. Some Great Legislators, II, No. 4 ; 
and extracts from Webster's speeches in MacDonald. Select Documenti^. 
284, 306-7, 327, 333, 335, 339. F. Webster has edited the Private Corre- 
spondence of Daniel Webster (2 vols., 1857) ; and there is an edition of 
Webster's Works (6 vols., 1877), with a memoir by Edward Everett. 

Section XYI. Charles Sumner, the Apostle of Peace and 
Liberty (1811-1874). 

I. Early Life: Rise of a Scholar in Politics, 1811-1840 (Storey, 
chaps, i-iv; Dawes, chaps, i-vi; Pierce, Vols. I, II, III, 
1-203; Neiv International Encyclopaedia, XVIII, 004- 
95). 
1. Ancestry: William, son of Roger Sumner of Bicester in 
Oxfordshire, came to Dorchester, Mass.. 1635. Charles, 
son of Charles Pincknev Sumner, a descendant of Will- 



58 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

iam in the 7th generation; character of his father (d. 
1839) ; of his mother, Relief Jacob (d. 1866). 

2. Education. 

a. He wished to study at West Point; but failed to get 
cadetship. 

&. Graduated at Harvard, 1830; finished Harvard Law 
School and admitted to the bar, 1831; influence of 
Judge Joseph Storey and Professor Simon Green- 
leaf. 

c. Special activities during student years; prizes won; 

general reading; literary productions; meetings 
with great men. 

d. Personal appearance and traits at this time ( Storey, 

9-13). 

3. Beginnings in law practice, 1834-37. 

a. Instructor in Harvard Law School, 1835-37. 

&. Court reporter, editor of Jurist; other activities. 

4. Visit to Europe, 1837-40 (See Pierce, I, II). 

a. Meetings with celebrated men and women. 
6. His account of Lord John Russell 
c. General value of his travels. 

11. Sumner's Middle Career : Establishment of his Personality, 
1840-1850 (Storev, chaps, iii, iv; Dawes, 44-61; Pierce, 
III). 

1. The Boston lawyer. 

2. Catholicity of his tastes and interests; shares in social, 

educational, and philanthropic movements. 

3. Anti-slavery sentiments developed; various speeches, writ- 

ings, and contests. 

4. His great oration, "The True Grandeur of Nations,'' Julv 

4, 1845 : according to Cobden, the "noblest contribution" 

to "the cause of peace" (Storey, 34-35; Pierce, II, 337 

84; Davis, 50-51). 

a. The ideal of peace vs. the ideal of militarism. 

6. Political results of the oration (Storey, 34 flf.). 

5. Texas annexation resisted ; Winthrop's toast : "Our Coun- 

try, however bounded," July 4, 1845; Sumner's resolu- 
tions, Nov. 4, 1845 (Storey, 43-4; Pierce, III, 98 flf.). 

6. Becomes a leader of the Mass. "Conscience Whigs," which 

shared in the formation of the Free Soil Party ; opposed 
by the "Cotton Whigs" (See Pierce, III). 

7. Prison discipline debates, 1846-7 (Pierce, III, 79 ff.). 



CHARLES SUMNER. 59 

8. Writings and political controversies; defeated as Free 
8oil candidate for Congress, 1848 (See Tierce, III, 1- 

188). 

III. Snnmer the National Statesman and Political Reformer: 
Senator, 1851-1871. 

1. Election as U. S. Senator by a coalition of Free Soilers 

and Democrats against the Whigs led by Webster. 
a. Character and influence of Sumner's speech at Fan 

euil Hall, Nov. 6, 1850 (Storey, 76-80; Pierce, III, 

IV; Dawes, 62 fif.). 
&. Allies and adversaries of Sumner (Storey, 74 tf.). 
c. The senatorial struggle in the legislature of Mass. 

2. Early career as t^enator, 1851-1860 : Sumner the anti- 

slavery champion. 

a. His speech : "Freedom National, Slavery Sectional" 
(Storey, 92-95; Dawes, 79 ff.). 

6. His speeches on the repeal of the Missouri Compro- 
mise, 1853-54 (Storey, 101-130; Pierce, III, 345 ff.). 

c. His great speech : "The Crime against Kansas," May 

19, 1856 (Storey, 131-61; plerce. III. 439 ff.; 
Dawes, 108 ff". ; Rhodes, United States, II, 147-49, 
139-40; Von Hoist, V, 313 ff.). 

1) Character of the speech. 

2) The Brooks assault (Pierce, III, 461 ff . ; Von 

Hoist, V, 318 ff.). 

3) Results of the assault. 

(a) Visit to Europe, 1856-59 (Dawes, 127 ff. ; 
Pierce, III, 525 ff.; Story, 155 ff.). 

(b) The presidential campaign of 1856. 

d. His speech on "The Barbarism of Slavery," June 4, 

1859 (Storey, 172 ff.; Pierce, III, 605 ff.). 

e. Triumph of Lincoln and the Republican Party, 1860; 

Sumner's share in the campaign. 

3. Sumner opposes compromise as the preventive of seces- 

sion (Storey, 178-196). 

4. Sumner favors emancipation in 1861; his speech of Oct. 1, 

1861 (Storey, 201 ff . ; Dawes, 154 ff . ; Pierce, IV). 

5. Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations (1861- 

1871) : Speech on "Trent Affair" (Pierce, IV, 50 ff.). 

6. Share in "Reconstruction" debates; and in the struggle 

with President -lohnson; his "suicide theory" of the 
states as meaning de^th of slavery (Pierce, IV, 267 ff.). 



60 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

7. Closing years; his ideals of humanism, peace, and social 
justice maintained. 

IV. Sumner's Place in History. 

1. The apostle of the evangel of international peace (see 

especially G. F. Magoun, in The International Review, 

I, 67(3-99, and the literature there cited). 

a. Revealed in his ''True Grandeur of Nations/' July 4, 

1845. See above. 
1). Revealed in his "War System of the Commonwealth 

of Nations," May, 1849. 
c. Revealed in acts and utterances throughout his life. 

2. The apostle of human brotherhood. 

3. The apostle of the new humanism : the scholar in politics. 

4. His personality. 

fl. Appearance, 

&. Habits and pursuits; personal traits (See Storey, 
Index, p. 463). 

c. Faults of temper. 

d. Moral grandeur of his character (Von Hoist, Const. 

History, lY, 219-21). 

EEFERENCES. 

The short article in the Neio International EncijclopcBdia, XVIII, 
694-95, may be followed by the excellent brief biography by Moorefield 
Storey in the Statesmen Series ; supplemented by the popular book of 
Anna Laurens Dawes, CharJes Sumner (1892), in the Makers of America 
Series. Very important are the Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner 
(4 vols., 1878-1893), by Sumner's friend, Edward L. Pierce; and A. H. 
Grimke, Charles Sumner, the Scholar in Politics (1892). 

Consult Charles Sumner, Works (12 vols., Boston, 1874-80) ; idem., 
Emancipation, its Policy and Necessity as a War Measure (1862) ; idem, 
WJiite Slavery in the Barhary States (1853). 

The great questions -with which Siimner was connected are disciissed 
by A. B. Hart, Slavery and Abolition, 211, 294 (Creole case), 318; T. C. 
Smith, Parties and Slai'ery, 18, 49, 101, 140, 156 (Kansas philippic), 
157-160 ("Brooks's assault"), 158; J. K. Hosmer, The Appeal to Arms, 
64, 77 (Trent affair), 210; idem, Outcome of the Civil War, 137. 227, 265 
(and Long-fellow) ; J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, 454-5 (Kansas-Nebraska 
controversy). II. Index, many citations; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional 
History, V, 318 ff. (Brooks's assault), 313 ff. ("Crime against Kansas"), 
VII, 203, and Index volume, 301-302; James Schouler, United States, V. 
104, 209. 214, 303, 343, 345. 

See also J. T. Morse, Ahraliam Lincoln, I, 100, 106. 113, 296. II, 4; 
W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 402-3. 

For speeches of Sumner, see W. J. Bryan, World's Famous Orations, 
IX, 160-73 (Crime against Kansas) ; the Works of Sumner; extracts in 
H. W. Caldwell, Some American Ler/islators, II, No. 6 ; and source ma- 
terial in A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 10, 550, 462-64, 470. 547-50. 



abraham lincoln. 61 

Section XYTI. Abraham Lincoln, the Typical American 
Genius (1809-1865). 

A. The Evolution of Lincoln's Personality. 

I. Ancestry (Morse, I, 1-8; Nicolay, 3 ff. ; Xicolay and Hay, I; 
Aimold, 13-27; Lamon, 1 if.; Tarbell, Early Life, 1 ff; 
ideni, Altraliain Lincoln, I, 1-17; Hill, 3 If.). 

1. Probably descended from Samuel Lincoln, of Norwich, 

England, who settled in Hingham, Mass., 1640; but the 
early genealogy is very obscure. 

2. Quaker descendants of Samuel, who migrated to New 

Jersey, then to Pennsylvania, and later to Rockingham 
County, Va. ; of these, Abraham Lincoln, the President's 
grandfather, removed to Jefferson County, Ya., ca. 
1780-82. 

3. Character of Thomas Lincoln, father of Abraham. 

4. Character of Nancy Hanks, Abraham's mother (Morse, T. 

7-8; Herndon, 3 ff. ; Holland, 23; Raymond, 20; Nicolay 
and Hay, I, 24). On the question of her legitimacy, 
compare Morse with Tarbell. 

IT. The Kentucky Home of Lincoln, 1809-1816 : Vicissitudes of a 
Roving Squatter's Family. 

1. Various abodes; the poverty and squalor of pioneer life. 

2. The log cabin at Hodgensville. 

III. The Indiana Home of Lincoln, 1816-1830. 

1. The "half-faced camp" and the family belongings. 

2. October 5, 1818, Nancy dies; and in 1819 Abraham ac- 

quires a step-mother, Mrs. Sally Bush Johnston : her 
good influence. 

3. Abraham's education. 

a. Scanty and fragmentary schooling for a few months 
(Herndon. 34-37, 41;' Lamon, 33-39; Holland, 28; 
Morse I, 12-13; Arnold, 20 ff.; Tarbell, I, 15 ff., 29 
ff.). 

6. General reading (Morse, I, 13). 

4. Coarse moral and social surroundings ; youthful habits 

and mental activities; the Lincoln myths of this period. 

5. First work for hire: an expert country butcher at 31 

cents a day. 

6. 1830: the 14 days' trip of a '^mover's" ox-team to Illinois. 

IV. The Illinois Home of Lincoln, till the Opening of his Public 



62 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

Life, 1830-1834 (Morse, I, 15-42; Arnold, 28 ff.; Tarbell, 
I, 45 fiP.; Lamon, 73 ff . ; Nicolay, 21 ff). 

1. The rail-splitter. 

2. The flat-boat ''hand" on the Mississippi, 1831; influence 

of Denton Offut; first thoughts on slavery. 

3. The store-keeper at New Salem, 1831-32. 

4. First taste of polil ics : beaten for the legislature, 1832 ; 

campaign methods. 

5. Lincoln, in the Black Hawk war, 1832 : captain and pri- 

vate. 

6. More store-keeping : failure of Berry and Lincoln ; Lincoln 

shoulders the firm's load of debt, and Berry "moves on." 

7. Postmaster at New Salem, 1833-1836. 

8. Deputy land surveyor, 1834: nearly crushed by the "nat- 

ional debt." 

9. The moral and physical environment of Lincoln's youth; 

and how it moulded his personality (Morse, T, 20-34). 

V. Lincoln's PMrst Years in Politics (Morse, I, 42; Nicolay, 

39-60; Arnold, 45 ff.; Tarbell, I, 67 ff., 89 ff.). 

1. 1834-1842 : member of the Illinois legislature. 

a. His "platform," 1836 (Morse, I, 50). 

&. Position on slavery : the "protest" of 1837. 

2. Begins law practice, 1837; moves to Springfield, 1839. 

Character of the Bar in early Illinois (Morse, I, 67 ff.). 

3. Marries Mary Todd, 1842 : her character and her influence 

on Lincoln. 

4. In Congress, 1847-49; incidents (Arnold, 76 ff.). 

5. July 1, 1852 : Eulogy on Henry Clay. 

6. Opposes the extension of slavery in the territories. 

a. Speech at Springfield State Fair, October, 1854; 

rivalry with Douglas. 
6. Speech at Kepublican Convention at Bloomington. 

1856. 
c. Makes fifty speeches for Fremont, 1856. 

VI. The Cireat Debate with Stephen A. Douglas, 1858 (Morse, I, 

111-160; Arnold, 139 ff.; Nicolay, 118 ft".; Nicolay and 
Hay, II; Tarbell, I, 300 ff . ; Hill, 263 ff.). 

1. Character, ability, and political principles of Douglas, 

2. Illustrations of the debate; moral courage and boldness 

of Lincoln. 

3. Result: Douglas wins the Senatorship; and the presi- 

dencv of Lincoln made inevitable. 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 63 

VII. President Lincoln, 1861-65. 

1. The election of 1860. 

2. The secession of the states and how Lincoln controlled 

the situation. 

3. Lincoln the master of men : his cabinet and how he gov- 

erned it. 

4. Lincoln the Emancipator. 

a. Development of his policy as to abolition of slavery 
&. The preliminary proclamation of September 22, 1862 
(Morse, II, 112-121) ; the final emancipation procla- 
mation Jan. 1, 1863 (Morse, II, 130 ff.). 

5. Lincoln as a war-executive. 

ff. Dealings with his generals. 
1). Greatness of his policy. 

c. His power grounded in national sentiment and in the 
people's love for the man. 

6. Death of Lincoln (April 15, 1865). 

B. The Quality of Lincoln's Personality. 

I. The Unique Composition of Lincoln's Personality the Secret 

of his Greatness. 

1. How his character unfolded with the change of environ- 

ment. 

a. Continual moral and intellectual growth. 

&. Constant sympathy with men : a true child of the 

American people; especially of the people of the 

West. 

2. His absolute intellectual honesty or rectitude; "above all 

else he thought fairh/' (Morse, I, 139). 

3. Hence his character reveals a remarkable seeming para- 

dox : an impersonal personality. 

II. How Lincoln's Unique Personality Expresses Itself in his 

Ideals and his, Conduct. 

1. As a humorist; value of the American talent for perceiv- 

ing life's tragicomedy. 

2. As a lawyer; his lofty ethical standard. 

3. As an orator and as a debater: whence the power of the 

"Gettysburg Address" (Nov. 19, 1863: See Morse, II, 

214-16; Arnold. 327-30). 

a. Secret of his power as an orator. 

&, What part of his success due to his power of speech? 

4. As the war executive: how did he prove himself "mastev 



64 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

of men"? At the beginning of the war, his personality 
reveals the serene majesty of a natural force; almost 
superhuman grandeur and patience. 
5. As a man. 

a. His humanism: simplicity, charity, magnanimity, 

patience, constancy, sympathy. 
&. His democracy : love of all men ; his soul absolutely 

imcapable of envy, malice, or revenge. 

c. Lincoln the type of American genius. 

d. The modern "man of sorrow" ; for his heart throbbed 

in complete unison with the joys and sufferings of 
the people. 

e. His legacy to humanity. 

REPEEENCES. 

The short article by W. P. Trent in '^ew International Encyclopwdia, 
XII, 282-86, is useful as an outline. An excellent biography in 2 volumes 
is J. T. Morse, Abraham lAncoln (1893). For masses of details, consult 
J. G. Nicolay and John Hay, Life of Lincoln (10 vols., 1890) ; and this 
work has been abridg-ed by Nicolay, >?hort Life of Abraham Lincoln 
(1902). There is a brief Life by I. N. Arnold (9th ed., 1901) ; and an 
earlier History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery (1866), 
by the same writer ; an attractive book on Lincoln the Lawyer by F. T. 
Hill (1906) ; while Ida M. Tarbell's Life of Abraham Lincoln (2 vols., 
1900) is supplemented by her valuable Early Life (1896), containing 
interesting- pictures and drawings. See also Noah Brooks, Abraham 
Lincoln and the Downfall of American Slavery (1894) ; F. B. Carpenter, 
The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln (1868) ; L. E. Chittenden, Recollec- 
tions of Abraham Lincoln and his Administration (1891) ; W. E. Curtis, 
T7-ve Abraham Lincoln (1903) ; J. M. Davis, Abraham. Lincoln His Book: 
A Facsimile Reproduction of the Original (1901) ; C. W. French, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, the Liberator (1891) ; Horace Greeley, Greeley on Lincoln, 
etc. (1893), ed. by Joel Benton; Norman Hapgood, Abraham Lincoln, 
the Man of the People (1900) ; A. K. McClure. Abraham Lincoln and. Men 
of War Times (1892) ; W. 0. Stoddard, Abraham. Lincoln (1885) ; idem, 
Lincoln at Worlc (1900) ; H. C. Whitney, Life on the Circuit toith Lincoln 
(1892) ; E. E. Wilson, Lincoln in Caricature (1903) ; Gideon Wells. Lin- 
coln and Seward (1874) ; G. M. Van Buren, Lincoln's Pen and Voice, 
being letters, speeches, addresses, docum,eiits. etc. (1890) ; O. J. Thatcher, 
Ideas that have influenced Civilization, IX, 179-196. 

Minute personal and other biographical details may be found in W. 
H. Herndon and J. W. Weik, Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a 
Great Life (3 vols., 1889; 2 vols., 1892): from 1844-1865, Herndon was 
Lincoln's law partner. A similar book is W. H. Lamon, Life of Abraham 
Lincoln (1872), based mainly on the materials collected by Herndon; 
and the same writer has Recollections of Lincoln, lS/f7-iS65 (1895). 
Consult also J. G. Holland. Lincoln (1866) ; C. G. Leland, Lincoln (1879) ; 
H. J. Eaymond, Life and Public Seri'ices of Abraham Lincoln, with Jiis 
State Papers (1865) ; J. H. Barrett, Abraham. Lincoln and his Presidency 
(2 vols., 1904) ; idem. Life of Lincoln (1865) ; D. W. Bartlett. Life and 
Public Services of Abraham Lincoln (1860) ; A.' J. Eice, Reminiscences 
(1886) ; Elbridge S. Brooks, "The Story of Abraham Lincoln," in his 
Historic Americans, 335-53; idem, The True Story of Abraham Lincoln 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 65 

(1896) ; C. C. Coffin, Ahraliam Lincoln (1893) ; Carl E. Fish, "Lincoln 
and Patronag-e," in Am. Hist Rcciciv, VIII, 53-69; E. E. Sparks, Men 
Who made the 'Sation, 378-410. 

The growing literature presents Lincoln ever from new view points : 
See H. L. Williams, The Lincoln Story Boole (1907) ; H. B. Binns, Ahra- 
ham Lincoln (1907), in the "Temple Biographies"; D. H. Bates, Lincoln 
in the Telegraph Office (1907) ; C. K. McCarthy, Lincoln's Plan of Recon- 
struction (1901) ; H. S. Burrage, Gettysburg and Lincoln; J. Morgan', 
Alyraliatn Lincoln: the Boy and the Man (1909). 

For appreciation of the character of Lincoln, see especially Carl 
Sclinrz, Abraham Lincoln (1891), of which there is a recent "special" 
edition with an essay by T. H. Bartlett. With this read Alonzo Eoths- 
child. Lincoln: Master of Men (1906) ; J. H. Lea and J. E. Hutchinson, 
Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln; Eufus Blanchard. Abraham Lincoln, the 
Type of American Genius, an Historical Romance (1882). 

There is a vast mass of serial literature relating to Lincoln which 
may be found through the use of Poole's Index and other lists. Of course, 
all the histories of the civil war times and of the preceding few years 
contain relevant discussions. See especially the works of Schouler, Von 
Hoist., and Ehodes ; also A. B. Hart, Slavery and Abolition, 175, 194, 310, 
322; T. C. Smith, Parties and Slavery, Index; F. E. Chadwick, Causes of 
the Civil War, Index; J. K. Hosmer, The Appeal to Arms, Index; idem. 
Outcome of the Civil War, Index; W. Wilson, Division and Reunion, Index. 

The Lincoln-Douglas Political Debates in the Celebrated Campaign o* 
1858 %vere published at Springfield in 1860. They have been reissued in 
1894, 1899, by A. S. Bouton in 1905 ; and they are contained in Lincoln's 
Complete Worl;s (2 vols., 1894), edited by Nicolay and Hay; as well as 
in Marion Mills Miller's Centenary edition. The Life and Works of Abra- 
ham Lincoln (9 vols., 1907), vol. I constituting H. C. "Whitney's Lincoln 
the Citizen. Eead Hannis Taylor, "The Lincoln-Douglas Debates and their 
Application to Present Problems," in 2V. A. Review, CLXXXIX, Febru- 
arj% 1809, 1-61. For source material, consult A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, 
IV, Index. 

G. T. Eitchie, List of Lincolniana (Library of Congress, rev. ed., 1906), 
has prepared an elaborate bibliography ; and the literature of Lincoln 
and his administration is classified in Channing and Hart, Guide, 94, 
126, 402-27; Hosmer, The Appeal to Arms, 323-33; idem. Outcome of the 
Civil War, 307-27; J. N. Lamed, Literature of American History (1902), 
213-60; J. E. Bartlett, The Literature of the Rebellion (1866), giving 
6073 titles; C. H. Van Tyne and W. G. Leland, Guide to the Archives of 
the Government of the United States, in Carnegie Institution, Publica- 
tions, No. 14. 



66 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF STATESMEN. 

SELECT REFERENCES. 



I. Joseph Galloway (1731-1803). 

The best critical account of Galloway's writing-s and conduct during 
the revolutionary period is M. C. Tyler, Literary History of the Ameri- 
can Revolution, I, 369-83, II, 150-51 ; with which may be compared G. E. 
Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution, 126, 287, 291-92, 321-24. See 
also James Tait, in Dictionary of National Biography, XX, 385-86; E. H. 
Baldwin, "Joseph Galloway, Loyalist Politician," in Pennsylvania Maga- 
zine of History and Biography, XXVI (1902), 161, 287, 417; the inaccurate 
account of Lorenzo Sabine, Loyalists, I, 453-57 ; and the incidental refer- 
ences in C. H. Van Tyne, Loyalists of the American Revolution (1902), 
85, 87, 157, 159-61, 246-47, 255. Important source gleanings may be had in 
P. L. Ford, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, X, 129-30; H. A. Gushing, 
Writings of Samuel Adams, III, 369 ; especially in Jared Sparks, Works 
of Benjamin Franklin, IV, 101-42 (Pa. proprietary government), 
VII, 276-80, 302-303, 303-304, 317-18 (stamp act), VIII, 102-103, 144-48 
(plan of union), 454-55, IX, 79, X, 122; idem. Writings of George Wash- 
ington, IV, 205, note, 522. 

Galloway's "Plan for a Proposed Union" is in Journals of the Conti- 
nental Congress (ed. 1904), I, 43-51. It is disctissed by Galloway, in 
his Candid Examination (1775) ; and in his Historical and Political 
Reflections (1780), 70; by Tyler and Howard, as above cited; by John 
Adams, Works, II, 387, note; and with erroneous statements by George 
Bancroft, History (ed., 1886), IV, 69-70, V, 83. On the proceedings of the 
Congress, see Neiv Jersey Archives, 1st series, X, 475-94. The Examina- 
tion of Joseph Galloway by the Committee of the House of Commons 
is edited by Balch (1855). 

II. Gouverneur Morris (1752-1816). 

The short biography in the "Statesmen" series by Theodore Roose- 
velt, Gouverneur Morris (1888) ; may be followed by Jared Sparks. 
Gouverneur Morris (3 vols., 1832). The harsh judgments of Roosevelt 
regarding Paine in his relations with Morris may be compared with the 
facts as presented by Moncure Daniel Conway, Life of Thomas Paine 
(2 vols., 1893) ; idem, Writings of Thomas Paine (4 vols., 1894 ff.), I, 
438, IT, 25, III, 42, 136, 412 ; idem, "Gouverneur Morris," in Cosmopolitan, 
VII, 207-208. See also J. L. White, "An American Diplomatist," in The 
Dial, X (1889), 52-54; H. C. Lodge, in Atlantic Monthly, LVII (1886), 
433-48; articles in ibid., LXIV (1889), 129-36; and The Spectator, LXII 
(1889), 304-305. 

Of first rate importance is Anna Cary Morris, Diary and Letters of 
Gouverneur Mori-is (2 vols., 1888). This is reviewed in the Athenaeum, 
vol. Jan.-June, 1889, 401-403; Quarterly Review, CLXIX (1889), 72-97; 



JOHN ADAMS. 67 

and discussed by Anna Gary Morris, in Scribner's Magazine, I (1887), 
93-106, 199-210. Illustrative material is presented by Jane Marsh Parker, 
"The Marie Antoinette Houses of the United States," in New England 
Monthly, N. S., XXII (1900), 53-69; and Edward Everett, "Eighteen 
Hundred and Fourteen," in Old and New, VII (1873), 47-57. 

Source references may be found by consulting Sparks's Writings 
of George Washington, Hunt's Writings of James Madison, Johnston's 
Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, especially, I, 9, 10, 126, 
173, 177, 366, II, 16, 38, 137, 147, III, 85, 104, 369, IV, 310, 362, 370, 393; 
and in O. J. Thatcher, The Ideas that have influenced Civilization; VII, 
258, 260, 336, 342, 345, 350, 351, 354-55, 367. Consult McLaughlin, The 
Confederation and the Constitution, 61, 187, 195, 237, 256, 258 ; and the 
Indexes to the histories of Bancroft, Hildreth, Von Hoist, and others. 

III. John Adams (1735-1826). 

To "break ground," read H. A. Gushing, "John Adams," in New 
International Encyclopedia, I, 104-105 ; and continue w^ith the excellent 
book of J. T. Morse. John Adams (1884, 1892), in the Statesmen series. 
Enlightening is Mellen Ghamberlain, John Adams the Statesman of the 
American Revolution (1898) ; and there are sketches by A. K. McGlure, 
Our Presidents and How we make Them, 7-20 ; E. E. Sparks, Men who 
Made the Nation, 79-118 ; Elizabeth Porter Gould, John Adams and Daniel 
Webster as Schoolmasters, Part I, 9-32; Supplemented by idem, in Edu- 
cation, IX (1889), 503-12; important references in James Schouler, 
Americans of 1876 (1906), 127, 149, 220, 289; and G. E. Merriam, History 
of American Political Theories (1903), 43, 48, 52, 69, 124, 125, 130, 135-36, 
140, 162. Read also Brown, The Story of John Adams a New England 
Schoolmaster (1900) ; H. E. Tucker, The Political Philosophy of John 
Adams (University of Nebraska, Department of American History, 1904) ; 
Gaillard Hunt, "OflBce-Seeking during the Administration of John Adams," 
in American Historical Review, II (1896-7), 241-61; Anson D. Morse, "The 
Politics of John Adams," in ibid., IV (1899), 292-312; George Bancroft, 
"An Incident in the Life of John Adams," in Century Magazine, XII 
(1887), 434-40; E. P. Powell, "The Friendship of John Adams and 
Thomas JefEerson," in Neio England Magazine, N. S., XVI (1897), 179-93; 
idem, "New England's First President," in Arena, XXIV (1900), 31-46; 
"John Adams's Diary and Autobiography," in New Englander, XI (1853), 
222-47. 

All the histories of the revolutionary and early national periods deal 
with Adams and his work. See G. E. Howard, Preliminaries of the Revo- 
lution (1905), 18, 77, 174, 204, 206, 216, 287-88, 298, 317, 334 (bib- 
liography) ; C. H. Van Tyne, American Revolution (1905), 41-42, 55, 62, 
69, 79, 104, 108-10, 127, 146, 189, 194, 197, 211, 220; A. G. McLaughlin, 
The Confederation and the Constitution (1905), 6-7, 24-29, 31, 102-105, 
106; J. S. Bassett, The Federalist System (1906), Index; and the Index 
volume of the "limerican Nation" series at "John Adams." Gonsult like- 



68 AMERICAN STATESMAMSUll'. 

wise the Indexes to the works of Bancroft, Hildreth, Schonler, McATaster, 
Winsor, and Von Hoist; also A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union; G. 0. 
Trevelyan, American Revolution (3 vols., 1899 If.) ; the lives of all the 
contemporaries of Adams in the "American Statesmen" series ; anJ 
especially Eichard Frothingham, Rise of the Repuhlic. 

The chief source is C. F. Adams, Works of John Adams (10 vols., 
1850-56), ^vith a biography. Consult also John Adams and Jonathan 
Sewall, Novanglus and Massachusettensis (1819) ; Letters of Abigail 
and John Adams (1841) ; Familiar Letters of John Adams and his Wife 
during the Revolution; with a Memoir of Mrs. Adams (1876), edited 
by C. F. Adams; O. J. Thatcher, The Ideas that have influenced Civiliza- 
tion, VII, 172, 177, 178, 243 (biography), VIII, 26, 96-97; and the Indexes 
to H. P. Johnston's Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay; H. 
A. Gushing, Writings of Samuel Adams; and C. F. Adams, Memoirs of 
J. Q. Adams. There is source material in A. B. Hart, Contemporaries. 

IV. Aaron Burr (1756-1836). 

The standard work is James Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr 
(2 vols., 1870-72). An older accoimt is M.Tj.Da^^f^, Memoirs of Aaron Burr 
(2 vols., 1836-7) ; and we have a brief biography by H. C. Merwin, 
Aaron Burr (1899). C. B. Todd, The True Aaron Burr (1902), presents 
a very favorable view of Burr's life and character. See also Isaac 
Jenkinson, Aaron Burr (1902) ; and S. P. Orth, Five American Statesmer 
(1906), I, 1-68; Eandall, Jefferson, III, chap, v; JefCerson, Works (1853). 
V, 65-69, 81-88, 94-100, 174, 175; MacDonald, Select Documents, 165-171. 

The "Burr Conspiracy" is discussed by James Schouler, United States, 
II, chap, vi, 118-24; J. B. McMaster, People of the United States, III, 
49-88; E. Channing, The Jeffersonian System (1906), 155-68. Channing 
has profited by the investigations of Henry Adams, United States, III ; 
and W. F. McCaleb, The Aaron Burr Conspiracy (1903), which two wrrit- 
ers "have reconstructed the story of the Burr expeditions and have 
rendered all earlier accounts to a great extent obsolete" (Channing). 
McCaleb has a study of his new material in American Historical Asso- 
ciation, Papers (1903), I. On the trial, see further Magruder, John 
Marshall, 201-29; F. T. Hill, "Decisive Battles of the Law," in Harper's 
Magazine, CXIII, 3-16 ; Robertson, Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron 
Burr for Treason and for a Misdemeanor (2 vols., 1808) ; The Trial of 
Colonel Aaron Burr (3 vols., 1807-8), with the arguments and decisions; 
J. J. Combs, Trial of Aaron Burr for High Treason (1867). Consult 
also Kennedy, Memoirs of William Wirt (2 vols., 1845) ; W. H. Safford, 
The Blennerhassett Papers (1864) ; and James Wilkinson, Memoirs (3 
vols., 1816). M. L. Davis has editer The Private Journals of Aaron Burr 
during his Residence in Europe (2 vols., 1838). 

The political career of Burr is described in the histories of his time. 
See especially Schouler, McMaster, Hildreth, and the Index volume of 
the "American Nation" series at "Aaron Burr." 

Bibliographies in Channing, Jeffersonian System, 282; Winsor, JSiar- 



JAMES MADISON. 69 

rative and Critical History, VII, 338-40; and especially Tompkins, Burr 
BibUo(/rai>hy (Brooklyn, 1892). 

V. Albert Gallatin (1761-1849). 

J. A. Stevens has a good life of AlberJ Gallatin (1883, 1892) in the 
"Statesmen" series; and we have another by Henry Adams, Life of Albert 
Gallatin (1879). See also H. C. Lodge, "Albert Gallatin," in his Studies in 
History (1884), 263-93. There is much relating to Gallatin in the histories 
of his period. Consult McMaster, V, 44, 64, 69-70, 477-78, passim; Von 
Hoist, I, 103, 265, 322, 383, III. 84, 85, 88, passim; A. Johnston, Atner- 
ican Political History (1905), I, 119, 124, 344; Schouler, United States, 
Index ; especially Henry Adams, United States, Index in vol. IX, 287-89 ; 
E. Channing, Jeffersonian System, Index, p. 290 ; and K. C. Babcock, 
Rise of American Nationality (1906), Index, p. 331. 

Henry Adams has edited The Writings of Albert Gallatin (3 vols., 
1879) ; and source-extracts are in H. W. Caldwell, Some American Legis- 
lators (1899), 1-26; and A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, III, 426-29. 

VI. James Madison (1751-1836). 

A good biography is Gaillard Hunt, Life of James Madison (1902) ; 
less satisfactory is S. H. Gay, James Madison (1884, 1892), in the "States- 
men" series, showing a strong federal bias ; and there is an enlightening 
discussion by E. G. Bourne, "Madison's Studies in the History of Federal 
Government," in his Essays in Historical Criticism (1901), 165-69. Ex- 
cellent is J. Q. Adams, James Madison and James Monroe (1850) ; there 
is a sketch by W. O. Stoddard, in his Lives of the Presidents, III, 1-127 ; 
and the elaborate and trustworthy lAfe and Times of James Madison 
(3 vols., 1859-60) by W. C. Rives. 

The great work on Madison's administration is Henry Adams, United 
States, 1801-1817 (9 vols., 1891) ; and it is ably treated by E. Channing. 
The Jeffersonian System (1906) ; and by K. C. Babcock, Rise of American 
Nationality (1906). Bancroft, Hildreth, Fiske, Von Hoist, Schouler. 
Bassett, McMaster and all the historians of the period deal with INIadison. 
For his messages, see Richardson, I; and Williams, Statesman's Manual, 
I, who gives a biographical sketch and an ovitline of the administration. 

The Writings of Madison (5 vols., 1900) have been edited by Gaillard 
Hunt. Consult Madison's Letters and other Writings (4 vols., 1865) ; 
Gilpin, Madison Papers (3 vols., 1840-52). The Memoirs and Letters of 
Dolly Madison (1886) have been edited by her grand niece, and M. W. 
Goodwin has written her biography (1897). For an understanding of 
Madison's ability and services a study of his papers in the Federalists 
and of his Journal of the debates in the Constitutional Convention is 
needful. With the latter Max Farrand's article in American Historical 
Review, XIII (1907), 44-65, should be used. See Ford, Writings of Jef- 
ferson (1892-99, 10 vols.), for Madison's correspondence with Jef- 
ferson. Consult MacDonald, Select Documents, 192-212; and Hart, Con 
temporaries, Index, vol. IV. 



70 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

BibliogTaphies are given by Channing, op. cit., 270-76, 279 ; Babcock, op. 
cit., 309-18, 311, 316 ; Bassett, op. cit., 303 ; and Bulletin, No, 4, published 
by the state department, in Bureau of Eolls and Library, is a Calendar 
of the Correspondence of James Madison. 

VII. John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850). 

We have a good biography by H. E. Von Hoist, Calhoun (1882, rev. 
ed. 1899), in the "Statesmen" series; and a more recent able study by 
Gaillard Hunt (1908). Older works are Mary Bates, Private Life of J. 
C. Calhoun (1852) ; J. S. Jenkins, Life of John Caldwell Calhoun (1850) ; 
James Parton, Jackson, chap, xxiii; and an anonjTnous Life (1843). W. 
P. Trent has a useful sketch in New International Encyclopcedia, IV, 
30-31; James Parton has an essay in his Famous Americans (1871), 
113-171; J. C. Eeed, an account in his Brothers's War (1905), 93-129; 
and G. M. Pinckney, a biography (1903). 

In all the histories of his times Calhoun is treated. See the w^orks 
of Schouler, McMaster, and Von Hoist ; especially consult the Index 
vol. of the "American Nation" series, and the Indexes to the separate 
volumes by K. C. Babcock, Rise of American Nationality; F. J. Turner, 
Rise of the Netv West; W. MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy ; A. B. 
Hart, Slavery and Abolition; and G. P. Garrison, Westward Extension; 
also Woodrowr Wilson, Division and Reunion, 28, 53-62, 94, 95, 144, 145, 
165, 166, 170, 171, 174, 209-210. Important are T. H. Benton, Thirty 
Years' View (2 vols., 1854) ; Calvin Colton, Life, Correspondence, and 
Speeches of Henry Clay (6 vols., 1857) ; idem. Life and Times of Henry 
Clay (2 vols., 1846) ; E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause (1866) ; J. Q. Adams, 
Memoirs (12 vols., 1874-77) ; the biographies of Jackson, Clay, Van 
Buren, Benton, and Webster in the "Statesmen" series ; and, in general, 
the lives and writings of Calhoun's contemporaries. D. F. Houston, 
Critical Study of Nullification in Soxith Carolina (1896) ; C. W. Loring, 
Nullification, Secession (1893) ; A. C. McLaughlin, "Social Compact and 
Constitutional Construction," in American Historical Revieic, V, 467-490; 
William MacDonald, Select Documents (1898), 231-59, 268-83; and other 
discussions of nullification and state rights are useful for understand- 
ing Calhoun's place in history. John Pettibone has a "Calendar" of the 
printed letters of Calhoun in American Historical Association, Report, 
1898, 591-610. 

The Works of Calhoun (6 vols., 1853-5) are edited by K. K Cralle; 
his Correspondence, in American Historical Association, Report, 1899, 
II (1900), by J. F. Jameson; and there is valuable source material in 
MacDonald, above cited ; in O. J. Thatcher, Ideas that have inf. Civil- 
ization, VIII, 211-37 ; in A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, III, 436-40, 544-48, 
649-53; and in H. W. Caldwell, Some American Legislators (1899), 
100-122. 



WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD. 71 

Ylll. Stephen Arnold Douglas (1813-1861). 

William Gardner, Life of Stephen A. Douglas (1905) ; and W. G. 
Brown, Douglas (1902), in the "Kiverside Biographical Series," have 
provided useful sketches. A careful and more elaborate work is Allen 
Johnson, Steplicii A. Douglas: a Study in American Polities (1908) ; and 
there is an uncritical campaign Life (1860) by J. W. Sheahan ; and 
another by E. B. Warden (1860). The fullest and best accoimt of Doug- 
las's career is J. F. Ehodes, History of the United States, I, II. This 
should be supplemented on the Kansas-Nebraska question by Albert 
Watkins, in the so-called "Morton" History of Nehrasica (Lincoln, 1905 
ff.), I, 131-59. H. E. Von Hoist, Constitutional History, has much re- 
lating to Douglas : see the very numerous citations in the Index, IX, 
93-97. Consult also E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, chap, iv; G. P. Garrison, 
Westward Extension (1906) ; T. C. Smith, Parties and Slavery (1906). 
F. E. Chadwick, Causes of the Civil War (1906) ; Woodrow Wilson, 
Division and Reunion (1893, 1896), 182-84, 191, 200-202, 205, 207; and the 
Index volume of the "American Nation" series. S. P. Orth has an essay 
in his Five American Politicians (1906). 

The literature relating to Abraham Lincoln, above cited in Section 
XVII, contains much on Douglas. See especially the collections of the 
Lincoln-Douglas Debates ; the works of Nicolay and Hay, II, passim : 
Nicolay, Short History, chap, ix; Rothschild, 99-120; Morse, I, 111-179; 
Lamon, chap, xvi ; Herndon, II, chaps, iii, iv, passim ; Tarbell, I, 300-33 ; 
Hapgood, 123-50, Index ; Stoddard, chaps, xv, xvii, passim ; Franch, 129 ff. ; 
Hill, 263-79; Binns, chaps, v, vii ; Barrett, I, 156-195, passim; Raymond, 
chap, ii; Holland, chaiDS. x-xiii, passim; Bartlett, Life and Public Services 
of Abraham Lincoln, 70-115, 153 if.; Noah Brooks, Abraham Lincoln and 
the Downfall of Am. Slavery (1894), chaps, xii-xiv; Arnold, Life (1901), 
139-52. J. M. Cutts, A Brief Treatise upon Constitutional and Party 
Questions as Received Orally from the Late Stephen A. Douglas (1866), 
is an attempt at self-justification. 

Source-material may be found in H. W. Caldwell, Some American 
Legislators (1899), 148-67; W. MacDonald, Select Documents (1898), 
396-402; A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, 97-100, 137-38, 153-54; and 
O. J. Thatcher, Ideas, etc., IX, 132-44. 

IX. William Henry Seward (1801-1872). 

The best biographies are Frederick Bancroft, William H. Seioard 
(2 vols., 1900) ; and T. K Lathrop, Life (1896), in the "Statesmen" 
series. We have a good account of his work as Senator and Secretary 
by F. W. Seward, Seicard at Wasliington (2 vols., 1891). The last named 
writer has edited Autobiography of William H. Seward (18.77-91). Consult 
Gideon Wells, Lincoln and Seward. (1874) ; idem, "The Election and Ad- 
ministration of Abraham Lincoln," in Galaxy (1877), XXII, XXIII; 
Seward's Travels Around the World (1873), edited by Olive R. Seward, 



72 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

his adopted daughter ; the Memoir in Seward's Works, I, 13-90 ; and 
Baker, Life (1855). 

Indispensable for the study of Seward is J. F. Ehodes, History of the 
United States; and for the period before 1861, H. E. Von Hoist, Consti- 
tutional History, should be consulted : see the Indexes. Important are 
Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, 171, 206, 217, 232 ; idem, Amer- 
ican People, IV, 145-46, 209, V, 42; James Schouler, United States, V, 
VI; A. B. Hart, Slavery and Abolition, 195-96, 253, 281, 283, 318; T. C. 
Smith, Parties and Slavery, 25, 48, 98, 100, 140, 142, 209, 228 ; F. E. Chad- 
wick, Causes of the Civil War, 116, 119-20, 281, 295, 306; J. K. Hosmer, 
The Appeal to Anns; idem. Outcome of the Civil War, Indexes. 

Some of the literature cited on Abraham Lincoln in Section XVII 
above is available for Seward. See Nicolay and Hay, Index in vol. X ; 
Nicolay, Short History, chap, xiii ; Rothschild, 121-56; Morse, I, 229 fE., 
273 ff.. Index; Hapg-ood, Index; Noah Brooks, 247 ff . ; Tarbell, II, chap, 
xxii; Barrett, Index in vol II. 

Seward's Works (new ed., 5 vols., 1887-90) have been edited by George 

E. Baker; and there is important source-material in O. J. Thatcher, 
Ideas, etc., IX, 123-32; in H. W. Caldwell, Some American Legislators 
(1899), 172-192; and in A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, Index. 

X. Salmon Portland Ghase (1808-1873). 

A. B. Hart, Chase (1899), has contributed an excellent volume to the 
"Statesmen" series. A good biography is J. W. Schuckers, Life and 
Public Services of Salmon P. Chase (1874) ; and the book of E. B. 
Warden, An Account of the Private Life and Public Services of Salmon 
Portland Chase (1874), was prepared at Chase's request. 

Very important for the career of Chase is J. F. Ehodes, History of the 
United States; and for his life before 1861, H. E. Von Hoist, Constitu- 
tional History should be consulted. See also Woodrow Wilson, Division 
and Reunion, 171, 206, 217, 232; James Schouler, United States, V, VI; 

F. E. Chadwick. Causes of the Civil War, 116, 119, 120, 281, 295, 306; 
J. K. Hosmer, The Appeal to Arms, 22, 24, 64-65, 167, 169, 171, 202, 208, 
212, 215, 217; idem, Outcome of the Civil War, Index; and the Index vol- 
ume of the "American Nation" series. 

The literature of Lincoln's administration contains much relating 
to Chase. See Nicolay and Hay, Index in vol. X; Eothschild, 157-222; 
Morse, I, 234 ff., 273 ft".. Index; Hapgood, Index; Noah Brooks, 247 ft.; 
McClure, 132-46; Barrett, Index in vol. II. Chase's "Diary and Corres 
pondence" are published in American Historical Association, Report, 
1902, II, 11-527 ; and valuable documents are given by H. W. Caldwell, 
Some American Legislators (1899), 194-214; and by A. B. Hart, Con- 
temporaries, IV, 291, 400-402. For bibliography consult Library of Con- 
gress, List of Works relating to the Supreme Court of the United Stn,tes 
(1909), 75-82. 



ROBERT KDWARD LEE. 73 

XI. Jefferson Davis (1809-1889). 

Valuable is Jefferson Dacis, Ex-President of the Confederate States: 
A Memoir (2 vols., 1890), by Davis's second wife, Varina Howell Davis. 
There are a condemnatory Life of J. Davis (1869) by E. A. Pollard; an 
eulogistic biography (1868) by F. H, Alf riend ; Personal Recollections 
of Jefferson Davis (1889) by Oliver Dyer; a sketch by W. P. Trent in 
his Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime (1897) ; and an autobio- 
graphical article in Bedford s Magazine (Jan., 1890). Jefferson Davis's 
elaborate and able Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (2 vols., 
1881) is indispensable; and he wrote a Short History of the Confederate 
States of America (1890). Consult Life and Reminiscences of Jefferson 
Davis hij Distinguished Men of his Time (1890) ; and J. C. Eeed, in his 
Brothers's ^Var (1905), 296-329. 

The best historical account of Davis's career is contained in J. F. 
Ehodes, History of the United States; and for the period before the war 
H. E. Von Hoist, Constitutional History, should be consulted: see the In- 
dexes. Discussions may also be found in James Schouler, United States, 
V, VI; Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, 211, 219, 223, 235; idem, 
American People, IV, 200, 210, 310; T. C. Smith, Parties and Slavery, 
26, 38, 51, 97, 105, 218, 244, 247, 300 ; F. E. Chadwick, Causes of the Civil 
War, Index; J. K. Hosmer, The Appeal to Arms, 20-21, 60, 80, 123, 154, 
250; idem. Outcome of the Civil War, 28, 46, 107, 118, 203, 227, 228, 270, 
280, 297. J. G. Blaine, Tiventi/ Tears of Congress (2 vols.. 1886), has 
many references to Davis ; see the Index. 

Important for the general Southern view are E. A. Pollard, Lost 
Cause (1866), hostile to Davis; A. H. Stephens, War between the States 
(2 vols., 1867), a just and able work; J. L. M. Curry, The Southern 
States (1894) ; J. H. Hammond, Letters and Speeches (1866) ; T. L. 
Clingman, Writings and Speeches (1877). Consult the bibliography of 
Southern men and affairs, in J. K. Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War, 
323, 326-27 ; Channing and Hart, Guide, 402-18 ; and the source-material 
in O, J. Thatcher, Ideas, etc., IX, 197-99 ; and A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, 
IV, 189-92, 229-30, 255, 319-23. 

XII. Robert Edward Lee (1807-1870). 

The fine character, charming personality, and military genius of 
Lee are inspiring more and more careful study. Eecent contributions 
are Thomas Nelson Page, Robert E. Lee, the Southerner (1908) ; P. A. 
Bruce, Robert E. Lee (1907), in the "American Crisis Biographies"; 
Viscount G. J. Wolseley, General Lee (1906) ; J. E. Deering, Lee and his 
Cause (1907) ; and C. F. Adams, in his Three Phi Beta Kappa Addresscfi 
(1907). 

A work of decided military value is A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert 
Edward Lee (1886). Other accounts are J. E. Cooke, Life of Robert E. 
Lee (1871) ; J. W. Jones, Personal Reminiscences of Gen. R. E. Lee 



74 AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. 

(1875) ; Fitzhugh Lee, BoVert E. Lee (1894) ; White, Robert E. Lee 
(1897); W. P. Trent, Robert E. Lee (1899), with bibliography, 132-35; 
idem, in islew International EncyclopcecUa, XII, 74-77, with a portrait. 
Consult also J. D. McCabe, Life and Campaigns of Lee (1867) ; Mrs. 
James Longstreet, Lee and Longstreet at High Tide (1904) ; E. S. Ellis, 
Campaign-Fires of General Lee (1886) ; K. Stiles, Four Tears under Marse 
Robert (1903), record of a Yale graduate; W. H. Taylor, Four Years 
with Lee (1878) ; E. M. Johnston, Leading American Soldiers (1907), 
256-309 ; especially E. E. Lee, Jr., Recollections and Letters of R. E. Lee 
(1894). 

As on all leading characters of the war-period, J. F. Ehodes, History 
of the United States, is of great importance. Of decided value, too, are 
the works of Wilson, Schouler, Hosmer, and Sparks elsewhere cited. 
The military histories of the period, and the lives and writings of Lee's 
contemporaries should be examined ; also such books as Pollard's Lost 
Cause, Cox's Three Decades (1888), Davis's Rise and Fall of the Con- 
federate Government, and Grant's Memoirs. 

See the bibliographies of the war-literature in the books of Hosmer 
and the bibliographies cited by him ; also Channing and Hart, Guide, 
402-18, and important source-material in A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, 
IV, Index. 

XIII. Ulysses Simpson Grant (1822-1885). 

Of primary importance are Grant's Personal Memoirs (2 vols., 1885-6, 
1895) ; and, there are excellent biographies by W. C. Church, Grant 
(1897); and James Grant Wilson, Life and Campaigns (1868; revised, 
1886). Other useful accounts are Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace (1887) ; 
idem. Military History of V. S. Grant (3 vols., 1868-1881) ; C. C. Chesney, 
Military Life of General Grant (1874) ; G. W. Childs, Recollections of 
General Grant (1888) ; Henry Coppee, Grant and his Campaigns (1866) ; 
Charles A. Dana and J. H. Wilson, Life of U. S. Grant (1868) ; J. T. 
Headley, Grant and Sherman (1866) ; A. K. McClure, Lincoln and Men of 
War-Times, 189 ff. ; E. M. Johnston, Leading American Soldiers, 137-92; 
Hamlin Garland, Grant (1898) ; J. T. Headley, Life and Travels of Gen 
eral Grant (1879) ; B. P. Poore and 0. H. Tiffany, Life of Grant (1885) ; 
J. L. Post, Reminiscences by Personal Friends of Grant (1904) ; A. D. 
Eichardson, Personal History of Grant (1868) ; W. O. Stoddard, in his 
Lives of the Presidents (1886-7). 

In general, consult the works of Hosmer, Schouler, Ehodes, and 
Dunning (Reconstruction) ; the histories of the war by Eopes, Count of 
Paris, Pollard, and others ; and the memoirs, biographies, and WTitings 
of Grant's contemporaries. 

The valuable Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols., 1887) 
contains many articles originally contributed to the Century Magazine 
by Grant in his later years. We have F. A. Burr, Isfew, Original, and 
Authentic Record of Grant (1885) ; a study of the ancestry of Grant by 



ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT. 75 

E. C. Marshall (1S69) ; John Kussell Young, Around the World with 
General Grant (2 vols., J 879) ; Grant's Letters to a Friend, El'thu B. Wash- 
biirne, 1861-1880 (1897), ed. by J. G. Wilson; and source-material in A. 
B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, Index. 

Consult the bibliographies of the Civil War period in the tvv^o books 
of Hosmer; Channing and Hart, Guide, 402 fE. ; and those cited on Lin- 
coln, above, section XVII. 



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